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Ffurfiwyd '''Matrix Feminist Design Co-Operative''' yn Llundain ym 1981.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Grote|first=Janie|date=1992|title=Matrix: A Radical Approach to Architecture|journal=Journal of Architectural and Planning Research|volume=9|pages=158–186}}</ref> Roedd yn un o'r sefydliadau pensaernïol cyntaf ledled y byd i ddod ag agwedd ffeministaidd at bensaernïaeth a dyluniad yr amgylchedd adeiledig ac i herio systemau gofodol patriarchaidd.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Gender space architecture : an interdisciplinary introduction|date=2000|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-203-44912-6|editor-last=Rendell|editor-first=Jane|editor-link=Jane Rendell|location=London|oclc=51995436|editor-last2=Penner|editor-first2=Barbara|editor-link2=Barbara Penner|editor-last3=Borden|editor-first3=Iain|editor-link3=Iain Borden}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Brown, Lori A.|title=Contested spaces : abortion clinics, women's shelters and hospitals : politicizing the female body|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-57400-4|location=London|pages=33|oclc=952728072|author-link=Lori Brown (architect)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Samuel, Flora|title=Why architects matter : evidencing and communicating the value of architects|isbn=978-1-315-76837-3|location=New York|oclc=1028619818|author-link=Flora Samuel}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Rendell|first=Jane|chapter=Tendencies and Trajectories: Feminist Approaches in Architecture|date=2012|title=The SAGE Handbook of Architectural Theory|pages=85–106|publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd|doi=10.4135/9781446201756.n6|isbn=9781412946131|author-link=Jane Rendell}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Burns|first=Karen|title=Architecture and feminisms : ecologies, economies, technologies|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|isbn=978-0-203-72971-7|editor-last=Frichot|editor-first=Hélène|location=Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon|chapter=Feminist Theory and Praxis,1991 -2003: questions from the archive|oclc=1011497257|author-link=Karen Burns (academic)|editor-last2=Gabrielsson|editor-first2=Catharina|editor-last3=Runting|editor-first3=Helen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Morton|first=Patricia|title=The feminism and visual culture reader|year=2002|isbn=978-0-415-54369-9|editor-last=Jones|editor-first=Amelia|edition=Second|location=London|pages=287–279|chapter=The Social and the Poetic: Feminist Practices in Architecture, 1970–2000|oclc=435731525}}</ref> Dilynodd Matrix yr amcanion hyn drwy brosiectau adeiledig, dadansoddiad damcaniaethol, ymchwil a gomisiynwyd a chyhoeddiadau, gan gynnwys y llyfr ''Making Space: Women and the Man-made Environment''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Making space : women and the man-made environment|date=1985|publisher=Pluto Press|others=Matrix (Organization)|isbn=0-86104-601-3|location=London|oclc=13859003}}</ref> Mae'r llyfr yn archwilio'r berthnas rhwng rhyw a phensaernïaeth, gan adeiladu ar y gwaith a ddaeth i'r amlwg ar y pryd gan haneswyr a daearyddwyr ffeministaidd yn y DU ac UDA, gan gynnwys [[Doreen Massey]], [[Linda McDowell]], Susana Torre a Dolores Hayden .
== Blynyddoedd Cynnar ==
Ffurfiodd Matrix fel cangen ffeministaidd o'r Mudiad Pensaernïaeth Newydd (MPN) yn Llundain.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Grote|first=Janie|date=1992|title=Matrix: A Radical Approach to Architecture|journal=Journal of Architectural and Planning Research|volume=9|pages=158–186}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGrote1992">Grote, Janie (1992). "Matrix: A Radical Approach to Architecture". ''Journal of Architectural and Planning Research''. '''9''': 158–186 – via JSTOR.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Spatial Agency: New Architecture Movement|url=https://www.spatialagency.net/database/new.architecture.movement.nam|website=www.spatialagency.net|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref> Ar ddiwedd y 70au dechreuodd grŵp o ferched a oedd yn ymwneud â MPN gyfarfod ar wahân i drafod safbwyntiau ffeministaidd a materion penodol sy'n wynebu menywod yn yr amgylchedd adeiledig. Arweiniodd hyn at ffurfio'r Feminist Design Collective (1978-80) a ymrannodd wedyn yn Matrix a Mitra.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Dwyer|first=Julia|title=Altering practices : feminist politics and poetics of space|url=https://archive.org/details/femininepolitics00petr|last2=Thorne|first2=Anne|date=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-35785-2|editor-last=Petrescu|editor-first=Doina|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/femininepolitics00petr/page/54 54]|chapter=Evaluating Matrix: Notes from Inside the Collective|oclc=71778968}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Francis|first=Susan|date=1971|title=Women's Design Collective|journal=Heresies|volume=11|pages=17}}</ref> Roedd Mitra yn canolbwyntio ar alluogi mwy o fenywod i ymuno â'r proffesiwn pensaernïol; tra bod Matrix yn canolbwyntio ar newid arferion presennol.
Ymhlith y grwpiau cysylltiedig mae'r Women in Manual Trades (WAMT), elusen arloesol sy'n cefnogi menywod ym maes adeiladu, a'r Women's Design Service, a sefydlwyd ym 1985. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Forgotten Feminist Architects Who Changed the Face of London|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/nz8pzk/the-forgotten-feminist-architects-who-changed-the-face-of-london|last=Olah|first=Nathalie|date=2015-11-12|website=Vice|language=en|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=Feminist visual culture|date=2001|publisher=Routledge|editor-last=Carson, Fiona|editor-last2=Pajaczkowska, Claire|isbn=0-415-93686-1|location=New York|oclc=45463306}}</ref>
== Practis pensaernïol ==
Roedd cwmni dylunio cydweithredol Matrix Feminist Design Cooperative yn bractis pensaernïol amlhiloll dan arweiniad menywod. Wedi'i sefydlu fel cwmni cydweithredol y gweithwyr, fe'i rhedwyd gan ddefnyddio dull rheoli an-hierarchaidd, gyda phawb yn cael eu talu ar yr un raddfa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Spatial Agency: Matrix Feminist Design Co-operative|url=https://www.spatialagency.net/database/matrix.feminist.design.co-operative|website=www.spatialagency.net|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Garland|first=Annette|date=8 July 1983|title=Co-operating for Change|journal=Building Design}}</ref>
Roedd y practis yn arbenigo mewn ffyrdd cydweithredol o weithio gyda phobl, grwpiau a sefydliadau a oedd yn draddodiadol wedi'u heithrio o brosesau dylunio pensaernïol.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dubeissy|first=Rana|title=Women's Creativity Since the Modern Movement (1918-2018)|publisher=ZRC SAZU|year=2018|isbn=978-961-05-0106-0|editor-last=Serazin|editor-first=Helena|location=Ljubljana|pages=108–115|chapter=Gender in Architecture: A Feminist Critique on Practice and Education|editor-last2=Franchini|editor-first2=Caterina|editor-last3=Garda|editor-first3=Emilia}}</ref> Roedd y math o brosiectau a ymgymerwyd gan y practis hefyd yn ymestyn y tu hwnt i'r ystod o wasanaethau pensaernïol arferol, gan gynnwys canllawiau dylunio a chymorth hyfforddiant. Ynghyd â sefydliadau pensaernïol eraill ar y pryd ledled y DU, darparodd Matrix 'gymorth technegol' i grwpiau cymunedol a grwpiau menywod. Nod Canolfannau Cymorth Technegol Cymunedol oedd darparu gwasanaethau cymorth am ddim neu wedi'u hariannu mewn ardal megis ym maes adeiladu, sut i sicrhau cyllid, creu sefydliadau cymdogaeth a phrosiectau adeiladu, a sut i ymgyrchu dros newid.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Spatial Agency: Community Technical Aid Centres|url=https://www.spatialagency.net/database/community.technical.aid.centres|website=www.spatialagency.net|access-date=2020-05-28}}</ref>
Roedd y dulliau ar gyfer gweithio gyda chleientiaid yn deillio o ymrwymiadau sefydlu Matrix i gynnwys menywod wrth ddylunio a chynhyrchu adeiladau.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Grote|first=Janie|date=1992|title=Matrix: A Radical Approach to Architecture|journal=Journal of Architectural and Planning Research|volume=9|pages=158–186}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGrote1992">Grote, Janie (1992). "Matrix: A Radical Approach to Architecture". ''Journal of Architectural and Planning Research''. '''9''': 158–186 – via JSTOR.</cite></ref> Defnyddiodd menywod o'r practis fodelau ac ymweliadau ag adeiladu i rymuso eu cleientiaid i rannu wrth wneud penderfyniadau dylunio. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Swenarton|first=Mark|date=9 June 1989|title=Guiding Lights|journal=Building Design|volume=No 940}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bradshaw|first=Frances|title='Working with Women', Matrix, Making Space|publisher=Pluto Press|year=1984|location=London|pages=89–10}}</ref>
Roedd y Cooperative hefyd yn darparu cyrsiau ar arlunio technegol ar gyfer menywod dan hyfforddiant ym maes adeiladu, ar y broses adeiladu ar gyfer gweithwyr a grwpiau cleientiaid, ac ar gyfraith adeiladu, gan fwrw strwythurau cyffredinol ac ym myd adeiladu ar gyfer menywod a oedd yn gweithio ym maes adeiladu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Brown, Lori A.|title=Contested spaces : abortion clinics, women's shelters and hospitals : politicizing the female body|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-57400-4|location=London|pages=33|oclc=952728072|author-link=Lori Brown (architect)}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBrown,_Lori_A.2016">[[Lori Brown (pensaer)|Brown, Lori A.]] (2016). ''Contested spaces : abortion clinics, women's shelters and hospitals : politicizing the female body''. London: Routledge. p. 33. [[Rhif Llyfr Safonol Rhyngwladol|ISBN]] [[Arbennig: BookSources / 978-1-315-57400-4|<bdi>978-1-315-57400-4</bdi>]]. [[OCLC]] [//www.worldcat.org/oclc/952728072 952728072].</cite></ref>
Datblygwyd cwrs ar luniadu technegol a ddechreuodd fel offeryn ymgynghori ar gyfer Canolfan Blant Dalston (Canolfan Gymunedol Plant Bathhouse erbyn hyn) ymhellach i'w ddefnyddio ar gynlluniau hyfforddi adeiladwyr benywaidd, yn enwedig yn Women's Education in Building (WEB), grŵp sy'n cyflwyno prosiectau ar ar ran Cynghorau Dysgu a Sgiliau yng Ngorllewin a Chanol Llundain . Fe wnaeth peth o'r gwaith hwn helpu i ddatblygu cwrs mynediad Menywod mewn Pensaernïaeth ac Adeiladu ym Mholytechnig Gogledd Llundain (Prifysgol Gogledd Llundain yn ddiweddarach, yna Prifysgol Fetropolitan Llundain) a sefydlwyd gan Yvonne Dean gyda llawer o fenywod o Matrix yn cymryd rhan fel tiwtoriaid, a gyda chyd-sylfaenydd Matrix, Susan Francis, fel arweinydd cwrs am nifer o flynyddoedd. <ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Dwyer|first=Julia|title=Altering practices : feminist politics and poetics of space|url=https://archive.org/details/femininepolitics00petr|last2=Thorne|first2=Anne|date=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-35785-2|editor-last=Petrescu|editor-first=Doina|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/femininepolitics00petr/page/54 54]|chapter=Evaluating Matrix: Notes from Inside the Collective|oclc=71778968}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDwyerThorne2007">Dwyer, Julia; Thorne, Anne (2007). "Evaluating Matrix: Notes from Inside the Collective". In Petrescu, Doina (ed.). ''Altering practices : feminist politics and poetics of space''. London: Routledge. p. 54. [[Rhif Llyfr Safonol Rhyngwladol|ISBN]] [[Arbennig: BookSources / 978-0-415-35785-2|<bdi>978-0-415-35785-2</bdi>]]. [[OCLC]] [//www.worldcat.org/oclc/71778968 71778968].</cite></ref>
== Blynyddoedd Diweddarach ==
* 1984-85: Canolfan Blant Dalston, Hackney: addasu baddonau segur
Mae'n debyg bod Matrix yn fwyaf adnabyddus am Ganolfan Adnoddau Addysgol Jagonari, prosiect ar gyfer merched o gymuned Bangladeshaidd i raddau helaeth yn Whitechapel, Llundain.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Survey of London {{!}} Former Jagonari Women's Centre, 183-185 Whitechapel Road|url=https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/453/detail/|website=surveyoflondon.org|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Spatial Agency: Jagonari Educational Resource Centre|url=https://www.spatialagency.net/database/jagonari.educational.resource.centre|website=www.spatialagency.net|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Gender space architecture : an interdisciplinary introduction|date=2000|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-203-44912-6|editor-last=Rendell|editor-first=Jane|editor-link=Jane Rendell|location=London|oclc=51995436|editor-last2=Penner|editor-first2=Barbara|editor-link2=Barbara Penner|editor-last3=Borden|editor-first3=Iain|editor-link3=Iain Borden}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRendellPennerBorden2000">[[Jane Rendell|Rendell, Jane]]; [[Barbara Penner|Penner, Barbara]]; [[Iain Borden|Borden, Iain]], eds. (2000). ''Gender space architecture : an interdisciplinary introduction''. London: Routledge. [[Rhif Llyfr Safonol Rhyngwladol|ISBN]] [[Arbennig: BookSources / 0-203-44912-6|<bdi>0-203-44912-6</bdi>]]. [[OCLC]] [//www.worldcat.org/oclc/51995436 51995436].</cite></ref> Gwnaed cais aflwyddiannus i restru'r Ganolfan yn 2018.
Roedd Matrix yn aelod o Gymdeithas y Canolfannau Cymorth Technegol Cymunedol a sicrhaoedd arian gan Gyngor Llundain Fwyaf i ddarparu cyngor technegol. Cefnogodd CLlF dros 40 o sefydliadau gwirfoddol a oedd o fudd i fenywod ddatblygu eu hadeiladau. Ymhlith y sefydliadau cleientiaid ar gyfer astudiaethau dichonoldeb a/neu ar gyfer prosiectau na aeth ymlaen roedd Canolfan Merched Du Brixton, Prosiect Calthorpe, Canolfan Merched Bermondsey, Canolfan Merched Asiaidd Hackney, Maxilla and Defoe Nurseries, Canolfan Merched Affricanaidd Lambeth, Canolfan Hyfforddi/Addysg Merched Haringey a Charterhouse Women's Project,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gelb|first=Joyce|title=Feminism and Politics: A Comparative Perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/feminismpolitics0000gelb|publisher=University of California Press|year=1989|pages=[https://archive.org/details/feminismpolitics0000gelb/page/86 86]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bashevkin|first=Sylvia|title=Women on the Defensive: Living Through Conservative Times|url=https://archive.org/details/womenondefensive00bash_0|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1998|pages=[https://archive.org/details/womenondefensive00bash_0/page/107 107]}}</ref> Walworth City Farm, Cymdeithas Tai LABO, April Housing Co-operative, meithrinfeydd gweithle ar gyfer Bwrdeistref Waltham Forest Llundain, Llyfrgell y Merched San Steffan, meithrinfa a chanolfan gofal dydd Eglwys Sancteiddrwydd Wesleaidd Leytonstone, gwelliannau i fynediad at Kingsley Hall, Lloches Merched Tsieineaidd Gorllewin Llundain,SOLON Housing Association, Network Housing Association, tai, meithrinfa a canolfan hyfforddi Lingham Street, Shepherd’s Bush Housing Association and Sanctuary Housing Association.
== Effaith ==
Roedd matrics yn rhan o fudiad ffeministaidd rhyngwladol ail don lawer mwy yn yr 1980au a'r 90au a ymgyrchodd i gynyddu nifer y menywod a oedd yn ymuno â'r proffesiwn pensaernïol, i herio arferion dylunio confensiynol ac i alluogi menywod i ddylanwadu ar ddyluniad gofod adeiledig. Gwnaethant gyfrannu at y ffilm arloesol ''Paradise Circus: Women and the City'' a ddangoswyd ar Channel 4 ym 1988, a gyfarwyddwyd gan Heather Powell ar gyfer y Birmingham Film and Video Workshop<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paradise Circus (1988)|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b79812a83|website=BFI|language=en|access-date=2020-05-28}}</ref>, ac at ''People Ordinary: Why Women Become Feminists''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jones|first=Derek|title=Ordinary People : Why Women Become Feminists|publisher=Channel 4|year=1991}}</ref> yn 1990 (hefyd ar Channel 4, gyda chyhoeddiad cysylltiedig). Arweiniodd Matrix lawer o ddigwyddiadau'r cyfnod a chymerodd ran ynddynt, gan gynnwys 'Women and Space' yn y Gymdeithas Bensaernïol ym 1979, 'Women's Realm' (Feminist Architects’ Network, Polytechnig Gogledd Llundain 1987) ac Alterities, cynhadledd ryngwladol fawr ym Mharis ar ffeministiaeth a pensaernïaeth ym 1999.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Dwyer|first=Julia|title=Altering practices : feminist politics and poetics of space|url=https://archive.org/details/femininepolitics00petr|last2=Thorne|first2=Anne|date=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-35785-2|editor-last=Petrescu|editor-first=Doina|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/femininepolitics00petr/page/54 54]|chapter=Evaluating Matrix: Notes from Inside the Collective|oclc=71778968}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDwyerThorne2007">Dwyer, Julia; Thorne, Anne (2007). "Evaluating Matrix: Notes from Inside the Collective". In Petrescu, Doina (ed.). ''Altering practices : feminist politics and poetics of space''. London: Routledge. p. 54. [[Rhif Llyfr Safonol Rhyngwladol|ISBN]] [[Arbennig: BookSources / 978-0-415-35785-2|<bdi>978-0-415-35785-2</bdi>]]. [[OCLC]] [//www.worldcat.org/oclc/71778968 71778968].</cite></ref>
Mae arddangosfeydd o'u gwaith yn cynnwys:
== Etifeddiaeth ==
Mae Matrics wedi cael effaith barhaus ar ddulliau ffeministaidd o ddylunio a methodolegau dylunio cyfranogol, ac mae'n rhagflaenydd pwysig i grwpiau a sefydliadau ffeministaidd diweddarach.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Rendell|first=Jane|chapter=Tendencies and Trajectories: Feminist Approaches in Architecture|date=2012|title=The SAGE Handbook of Architectural Theory|pages=85–106|publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd|doi=10.4135/9781446201756.n6|isbn=9781412946131|author-link=Jane Rendell}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRendell2012">[[Jane Rendell|Rendell, Jane]] (2012). "Tendencies and Trajectories: Feminist Approaches in Architecture". ''The SAGE Handbook of Architectural Theory''. SAGE Publications Ltd. pp. 85–106. [[Adnabyddwr gwrthrychau digidol|doi]]:[[doi:10.4135/9781446201756.n6|10.4135/9781446201756.n6]]. [[Rhif Llyfr Safonol Rhyngwladol|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9781412946131|<bdi>9781412946131</bdi>]].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Only resist: a feminist approach to critical spatial practice|url=https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/only-resist-a-feminist-approach-to-critical-spatial-practice/10028246.article|last=Rendell|first=Jane|authorlink=Jane Rendell|website=Architectural Review|language=en|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dwyer|first=Julia|title=The Design Collective: an Approach to Practice|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|year=2012|editor-last=Edquist|editor-first=Harriet|location=Newcastle|pages=35–53|chapter=Inscription as a Collective Practice; Taking Place and the Other Side of Waiting|editor-last2=Vaughan|editor-first2=L.}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Burns|first=Karen|title=Architecture and feminisms : ecologies, economies, technologies|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|isbn=978-0-203-72971-7|editor-last=Frichot|editor-first=Hélène|location=Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon|chapter=Feminist Theory and Praxis,1991 -2003: questions from the archive|oclc=1011497257|author-link=Karen Burns (academic)|editor-last2=Gabrielsson|editor-first2=Catharina|editor-last3=Runting|editor-first3=Helen}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBurns2017">[[Karen Burns (academaidd)|Burns, Karen]] (2017). "Feminist Theory and Praxis,1991 -2003: questions from the archive". In Frichot, Hélène; Gabrielsson, Catharina; Runting, Helen (eds.). ''Architecture and feminisms : ecologies, economies, technologies''. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. [[Rhif Llyfr Safonol Rhyngwladol|ISBN]] [[Arbennig: BookSources / 978-0-203-72971-7|<bdi>978-0-203-72971-7</bdi>]]. [[OCLC]] [//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1011497257 1011497257].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=muf|title=Altering practices : feminist politics and poetics of space|url=https://archive.org/details/femininepolitics00petr|date=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-35785-2|editor-last=Petrescu|editor-first=Doina|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/femininepolitics00petr/page/60 60]|chapter=An Invisible Privilege|oclc=71778968}}</ref> Mae cydnabyddiaeth yn cynyddu, ac mae golygyddion ''Women and the Making of Built Space in England, 1870-1950 yn'' disgrifio ''Making Space'' fel “hynod bwysig ond heb ei werthfawrogi.” <ref>{{Cite book|title=Women and the making of built space in England, 1870-1950|date=2007|publisher=Ashgate|editor-last=Darling, Elizabeth|editor-last2=Whitworth, Lesley|isbn=978-0-7546-5185-7|location=Aldershot, Hants, England|pages=5|oclc=72698696}}</ref>
Mae unigolion o'r Colletive a rhai a gafodd eu dylanwadu gan Matrics neu sy'n gysylltiedig ag ef, wedi parhau i weithio gydag eraill ym maes ffeministiaeth, rhyw, hil, anabledd, cydraddoldeb a phensaernïaeth trwy gydol eu gyrfaoedd, gan gynnwys ymarfer, y byd academaidd a thrwy lwybrau eraill.
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