Athroniaeth: Gwahaniaeth rhwng fersiynau

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Llinell 1:
[[Delwedd:Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury by Isaac Oliver.jpg|bawd|150px|[[Edward Herbert]] neu'r 'Barwn Herbert o Cherbury. "Tad athroniaeth yng Nghymru."]]
[[Delwedd:Confucius - Project Gutenberg eText 15250.jpg|bawd|150px|[[Conffiwsiws]]; darlun gan E. T. C. Werner.]]
Astudiaeth o sut y dylem fyw ([[moeseg]]), sut mae pethau'n bodoli ([[metaffiseg]]), natur gwybod ([[epistemoleg]]), a [[rhesymeg]] yw '''athroniaeth'''.
 
Mae athroniaeth yn astudiaeth o broblemau cyffredinol a gwaelodol sy'n ymwneud â [[bodolaeth]], [[gwybodaeth]], [[Moes|gwerthoedd]], [[rheswm]] ac [[iaith]].<ref>Jenny Teichmann and Katherine C. Evans, ''Philosophy: A Beginner's Guide'' (Blackwell Publishing, 1999), tud. 1: "Philosophy is a study of problems which are ultimate, abstract and very general. These problems are concerned with the nature of existence, knowledge, morality, reason and human purpose."</ref><ref>[[A.C. Grayling]], ''Philosophy 1: A Guide through the Subject'' (Oxford University Press, 1998), tud. 1: "The aim of philosophical inquiry is to gain insight into questions about knowledge, truth, reason, reality, meaning, mind, and value."</ref>
 
Gellir gwahaniaethu rhwng athroniaeth a dulliau eraill sy'n ceisio ateb y cwestiynau hyn (e.e. [[cyfriniaeth]], [[mytholeg]] neu'r [[celfyddydau]]) drwy ei dull systematig, gwyddonol a'i dibyniaeth ar ddadleuon rhesymegol.<ref>Anthony Quinton a T. Honderich (gol.), ''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy'' (Oxford University Press, 1995), tud. 666: "Philosophy is rationally critical thinking, of a more or less systematic kind about the general nature of the world (metaphysics or theory of existence), the justification of belief (epistemology or theory of knowledge), and the conduct of life (ethics or theory of value). Each of the three elements in this list has a non-philosophical counterpart, from which it is distinguished by its explicitly rational and critical way of proceeding and by its systematic nature. Everyone has some general conception of the nature of the world in which they live and of their place in it. Metaphysics replaces the unargued assumptions embodied in such a conception with a rational and organized body of beliefs about the world as a whole. Everyone has occasion to doubt and question beliefs, their own or those of others, with more or less success and without any theory of what they are doing. Epistemology seeks by argument to make explicit the rules of correct belief formation. Everyone governs their conduct by directing it to desired or valued ends. Ethics, or moral philosophy, in its most inclusive sense, seeks to articulate, in rationally systematic form, the rules or principles involved."</ref>
 
Mae llawer o Gymry wedi ymhel â chwestiynau mawr [[crefydd]] yn hytrach nag athroniaeth fel y cyfryw, a bu perthynas agos rhwng [[diwinyddiaeth]] ac athroniaeth yng Nghymru ers sawl canrif. Yr athronydd cyntaf y gwyddom amdano yng Nghymru oedd [[Edward Herbert]] (1583-1648), a gellid dadlau mai ystyriaethau crefyddol a chyfrinol oedd y tu ôl i'r hyn a ysgrifennai [[Morgan Llwyd]] (1619-1659) am [[yr hunan]].