Canser yr ysgyfaint: Gwahaniaeth rhwng fersiynau

Mae '''canser yr ysgyfaint''', a elwir hefyd yn '''garsinoma'r ysgyfaint''',<ref name="Merck">{{cite web | title=Lung Carcinoma: Tumors of the Lungs | publisher=Merck Manual Professional Edition, Online edition | url=http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec05/ch062/ch062b.html#sec05-ch062-ch062b-1405 | accessdate=15 August 2007 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816142739/http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec05/ch062/ch062b.html#sec05-ch062-ch062b-1405 | archivedate=16 August 2007 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> yn diwmor [[ysgyfaint]] ffyrnig lle mae [[Cell|celloedd]] yn [[Meinwe|feinweoedd]] yr ysgyfaint yn tyfu'n afreolus.<ref>{{cite web|title=Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment –Patient Version (PDQ®)|url=http://www.cancer.gov/types/lung/patient/non-small-cell-lung-treatment-pdq|website=NCI|accessdate=5 March 2016|date=May 12, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229172247/http://www.cancer.gov/types/lung/patient/non-small-cell-lung-treatment-pdq|archivedate=29 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Gall y fath dwf ledaenu tu hwnt i'r ysgyfaint drwy'r broses metastasis, a hynny i feinweoedd cyfagos neu hyd yn oed rhannau eraill o'r corff.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Falk | first1=S | last2=Williams | first2=C | title=Lung Cancer—the facts | edition=3rd | chapter=Chapter 1 | pages=3–4 | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-19-956933-5 }}</ref> Mae'r rhan fwyaf o ganserau sy'n dechrau yn yr ysgyfaint, a elwir yn ganserau sylfaenol yr ysgyfaint, yn garsinomâu. Y ddau brif fath yw carsinoma ysgyfaint celloedd bychain (SCLC) a charsinoma ysgyfaint di-gelloedd bychain (NSCLC).<ref name=NCI2016Pt>{{cite web|title=Lung Cancer—Patient Version|url=http://www.cancer.gov/types/lung|website=NCI|accessdate=5 March 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309175259/http://www.cancer.gov/types/lung|archivedate=9 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ymhlith y symptomau mwyaf cyffredin y mae [[peswch]] (gan gynnwys peswch gwaed), colli pwysau, prinder anadl, a phoenau ynghylch y frest.<ref name="Harrison">{{Cite book | last1=Horn | first1=L | last2=Lovly | first2=CM | last3=Johnson | first3=DH | title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine | publisher=McGraw-Hill | editor-last1=Kasper | editor-first1=DL | editor-last2=Hauser | editor-first2=SL | editor-last3=Jameson | editor-first3=JL | editor-last4=Fauci | editor-first4=AS | editor-last5=Longo | editor-first5=DL | editor-last6=Loscalzo | editor-first6=J | year=2015 | chapter=Chapter 107: Neoplasms of the lung | edition=19th | isbn=978-0-07-180216-1 }}</ref>

Achosir y mwyafrif helaeth (85%) o achosion canser yr ysgyfaint gan arfer [[ysmygu]] tybaco hirdymor.<ref name="MurrayNadel52"/> About 10–15% of cases occur in people who have never smoked.<ref name="Thun">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Thun MJ, Hannan LM, Adams-Campbell LL, etal | title=Lung cancer occurrence in never-smokers: an analysis of 13 cohorts and 22 cancer registry studies | journal=PLoS Medicine | volume=5 | issue=9 | pages=e185 |date=September 2008 | doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0050185 | pmid=18788891 | pmc=2531137 }}</ref> Dim ond oddeutu 10-15% o ddioddefwyr sydd heb arferiad ysmygu. Mae'n bosib esbonio'r achosion hynny drwy gyfuniad o ffactorau genetig ynghyd a datguddiad i [[Radon|nwy radon]], [[asbestos]], mwg ail-law, neu fathau eraill o lygredd amgylcheddol.<ref name="MurrayNadel52">{{Cite book | last1=Alberg | first1=AJ | last2=Brock | first2=MV | last3=Samet | first3=JM | title=Murray & Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine | publisher=Saunders Elsevier | year=2016 | chapter=Chapter 52: Epidemiology of lung cancer | edition=6th | isbn=978-1-4557-3383-5 }}</ref> Gellir archwilio canser yr ysgyfaint drwy [[Radiograffi|radiograffau'r]] frest a sganiau tomograffeg cyfrifiadurol (CT). Caiff diagnosis ei gadarnhau gan [[Biopsi|fiopsi]] sydd fel arfer yn cael ei berfformio gan broncosgopi neu gyfarwyddyd CT.<ref name="Merck"/> The [[medical diagnosis|diagnosis]] is confirmed by [[biopsy]] which is usually performed by [[bronchoscopy]] or CT-guidance.<ref name="Holland-Frei78">{{cite book | vauthors=Lu C, Onn A, Vaporciyan AA, etal | title=Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine | edition=8th | chapter=Chapter 78: Cancer of the Lung | publisher=People's Medical Publishing House | year=2010 |isbn=978-1-60795-014-1 }}</ref>

Rhaid osgoi ffactorau risg sylfaenol er mwyn atal y clefyd, er enghraifft ysmygu a datguddiad i amgylched llygredig.<ref name=NCI2015Pre>{{cite web|title=Lung Cancer Prevention–Patient Version (PDQ®)|url=http://www.cancer.gov/types/lung/patient/lung-prevention-pdq#section/_12|website=NCI|accessdate=5 March 2016|date=November 4, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309063009/http://www.cancer.gov/types/lung/patient/lung-prevention-pdq#section/_12|archivedate=9 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Y mae'r driniaeth a roddir a'r canlyniadau hirdymor yn ddibynnol ar y math o ganser, y bennod (graddfa lledaenu), ynghyd ag iechyd cyffredinol y dioddefwr. Ni ellir gwella'r rhan fwyaf o achosion. Mae'r triniaethau cyffredin yn cynnwys [[Llawfeddygaeth|llawdriniaethau]], [[cemotherapi]] a [[radiotherapi]]. Caiff NSCLC ei drin yn achlysurol drwy lawdriniaeth, fel arfer y mae SCLC yn ymateb yn well i gemotherapi a radiotherapi.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Chapman | first1=S | last2=Robinson | first2=G | last3=Stradling | first3=J | last4=West | first4=S | last5=Wrightson | first5=J | title=Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine | edition=3rd | chapter=Chapter 31 | page=284 | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2014 | isbn=978-0-19-870386-0 }}</ref>

Yn 2012, effeithiodd canser yr ysgyfaint 1.8 miliwn o bobl ar draws y byd, gan arwain at 1.6 miliwn o farwolaethau.<ref name=WCR2014Chp5.1>{{cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=92-832-0429-8|pages=Chapter 5.1}}</ref> Hwn felly sy'n achosi'r fwyaf o farwolaethau cysylltiedig â chanser ymysg dynion, a'r ail fwyaf cyffredin ymysg menywod, ar ôl [[canser y fron]].<ref name=WCR2014Epi>{{cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=92-832-0429-8|pages=Chapter 1.1}}</ref> Mae diagnosis yn fwyaf cyffredin ymhlith y rheini sy'n 70 mlynedd. Yr yr [[Unol Daleithiau America|Unol Daleithiau]], yn yr un flwyddyn, goroesodd 17.4% o ddioddefwyr o leiaf pum mlynedd wedi eu diagnosis,<ref name="SEER">{{cite web | title=Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program | url=http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/lungb.html | website=National Cancer Institute | accessdate=5 Mar 2016 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031945/http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/lungb.html | archivedate=4 March 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> ond y mae'r cyfartaledd hwnnw dipyn is yn y byd datblygedigdatblygol.<ref name=Maj2009>{{cite book|last=Majumder|first=edited by Sadhan|title=Stem cells and cancer|year=2009|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-0-387-89611-3|page=193|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HaErOupWnO0C&pg=PA193|edition=Online-Ausg.|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018040051/https://books.google.com/books?id=HaErOupWnO0C&pg=PA193|archivedate=18 October 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>