Wicipedia

Scrophulariaceae

teulu o blanhigion
Teulu'r gwrnerth
Scrophularia nodosa
Dosbarthiad gwyddonol
Teyrnas: Plantae
Ddim wedi'i restru: Angiosbermau
Ddim wedi'i restru: Ewdicotau
Ddim wedi'i restru: Asteridau
Urdd: Lamiales
Teulu: Scrophulariaceae
Juss.
Genera

Gweler yr erthygl

Cyfystyron

Bontiaceae Horan.
Buddlejaceae K.Wilh., nom. cons.
Hebenstretiaceae Horan.
Limosellaceae J.Agardh
Myoporaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
Oftiaceae Takht. & Reveal
Selaginaceae Choisy, nom. cons.
Spielmanniaceae J.Agardh, nom. illeg.
Verbascaceae Bercht. & J.Presl[1]

Teulu o blanhigion blodeuol yw'r Scrophulariaceae neu deulu'r gwrnerth. Llysiau blynyddol a lluosflwydd yw'r aelodau, ac eithrio un genws o lwyni. Mae gan y blodau gymesuredd dwyochrog (zygomorphic) neu weithiau gymesuredd cylch (actinomorphic). Mae gan aelodau'r Scrophulariaceae ddosbarthiad cosmopolitaidd, gyda'r rhan fwyaf i'w canfod mewn ardaloedd tymherus, gan gynnwys mynyddoedd trofannol. Daw enw'r teulu o'r genws Scrophularia L.

Tacsonomeg golygu

Yn y gorffennol, roedd 275 genws a mwy na 5,000 o rywogaethau wedi eu cynnwys fel aelodau o'r Scrophulariaceae, ond mae'r nifer hwn wedi cyfyngu'n aruthrol ers i astudiaethau ffylogenetig moleciwlaidd ddangos fod y dosbarthiad traddodiadol yn lluosdylwythol.[2] Mae llawer o'r aelodau wedi eu symud i deuluoedd eraill o fewn urdd y Lamiales, yn enwedig y Plantaginaceae a'r Orobanchaceae, ond mae rhai wedi eu symud i deuluoedd newydd.[3][4] Mae llawer o deuluoedd o fewn y Lamiales felly wedi cynyddu mewn nifer eu haelodau yn dilyn y newidiadau yma.

Ystyriodd Fischer (2004) fod y teulu yn cynnwys tri is-deulu: Antirrhinoideae, Gratioloideae a Digitalidoideae. Roedd gan y Gratiolinae 10 genws (tua 121 rhywogaeth) wedi eu gwasgaru ar hyd rhannau tymherus a throfannol America. Mae llawer o'r rhain bellach yn cael eu cynnwys yn y teulu Plantaginaceae (llwyth Gratioleae).

Defnydd golygu

Mae rhai planhigion meddyginiaethol yn y Scrophulariaceae, gan gynnwys:

Genera golygu

Mae dosbarthiad APG IV (2016)[5] y Scrophulariaceae yn cynnwys 62 genws a tua 1830 rhywogaeth gwybyddus.[6]

 
Leucophyllum frutescens
Llwyth Aptosimeae[7]
Llwyth Buddlejeae[8]
Llwyth Hemimerideae[9]
Llwyth Leucophylleae[10]
Llwyth Limoselleae[12]
Llwyth Myoporeae[15]
Llwyth Scrophularieae[16]
Llwyth Teedieae[17]
Heb fod mewn llwyth gwybyddus

Genera wedi eu symud golygu

Mae'r genera canlynol, gynt wedi eu cynnwys yn y Scrophulariaceae, wedi eu symud i deuluoedd eraill:

  • Acanthorrhinum Rothm. → Plantaginaceae
  • Agalinis Raf. → Orobanchaceae
  • Angelonia Humb. & Bonpl. → Plantaginaceae
  • Antirrhinum L. → Plantaginaceae
  • Asarina Mill. → Plantaginaceae
  • Bacopa Aubl. → Plantaginaceae
  • Bartsia L. → Orobanchaceae
  • Basistemon Turcz. → Plantaginaceae
  • Besseya Rydb. → Plantaginaceae
  • Calceolaria L. → Calceolariaceae
  • Castilleja Mutis ex L.f. → Orobanchaceae
  • Chaenorhinum (DC.) Rchb. → Plantaginaceae
  • Chelone L. → Plantaginaceae
  • Chionophila Benth. → Plantaginaceae
  • Collinsia Nutt. → Plantaginaceae
  • Cordylanthus Nutt. ex Benth. → Orobanchaceae
  • Craterostigma Hochst. → Linderniaceae[19] or as part of Lindernia[20]
  • Cymbalaria → Plantaginaceae
  • Digitalis L. → Plantaginaceae
  • Dopatrium Buch.-Ham. ex Benth. → Plantaginaceae
  • Epixiphium (Engelm. ex A.Gray) Munz → Plantaginaceae
  • Euphrasia L. → Orobanchaceae
  • Galvezia Dombey ex Juss. → Plantaginaceae
  • Gambelia Nutt. → Plantaginaceae
  • Glossostigma Wight & Arn. → Phrymaceae
  • Gratiola L. → Plantaginaceae
  • Hebe Comm. ex Juss. → Plantaginaceae
  • Holmgrenanthe Elisens → Plantaginaceae
  • Howelliella Rothm. → Plantaginaceae
  • Keckiella Straw → Plantaginaceae
  • Kickxia Dumort. → Plantaginaceae
  • Lagotis Gaertn. → Plantaginaceae
  • Limnophila R.Br. → Plantaginaceae
  • Linaria Mill. → Plantaginaceae
  • Lindernia All. → Linderniaceae[21]
  • Lophospermum D.Don → Plantaginaceae
  • Mabrya Elisens → Plantaginaceae
  • Maurandella (A.Gray) Rothm. → Plantaginaceae
  • Maurandya Ortega → Plantaginaceae
  • Mazus Lour. → Mazaceae
  • Mecardonia Ruiz & Pav. → Plantaginaceae
  • Melampyrum L. → Orobanchaceae
  • Micranthemum Michx. → Plantaginaceae
  • Mimulus L. → Phrymaceae
  • Misopates Raf. → Plantaginaceae
  • Mohavea A.Gray → Plantaginaceae
  • Neogaerrhinum Rothm. → Plantaginaceae
  • Nothochelone (A.Gray) Straw → Plantaginaceae
  • Nuttallanthus D.A.Sutton → Plantaginaceae
  • Odontites Ludw. → Orobanchaceae
  • Orobanche L. → Orobanchaceae
  • Orthocarpus Nutt. → Orobanchaceae
  • Parentucellia Viv. → Orobanchaceae
  • Paulownia Siebold & Zucc. → Paulowniaceae
  • Pedicularis L. → Orobanchaceae
  • Peltanthera Benth.→ Gesneriaceae (or Peltantheraceae)
  • Penstemon Schmidel → Plantaginaceae
  • Pseudorontium (A.Gray) Rothm. → Plantaginaceae
  • Rhinanthus L. → Orobanchaceae
  • Russelia Jacq. → Plantaginaceae
  • Sairocarpus D.A.Sutton → Plantaginaceae
  • Sanango G.S.Bunting & Duke → Gesneriaceae
  • Schistophragma Benth. ex Endl. → Plantaginaceae
  • Scoparia L. → Plantaginaceae
  • Stemodia L. → Plantaginaceae
  • Striga Lour. → Orobanchaceae[22]
  • Synthyris Benth. → Plantaginaceae
  • Tonella Nutt. ex A.Gray → Plantaginaceae
  • Torenia L. → Linderniaceae
  • Tozzia L. → Orobanchaceae
  • Triphysaria Fisch. & C.A.Mey. → Orobanchaceae
  • Veronica L. → Plantaginaceae
  • Veronicastrum Heist. ex Fabr. → Plantaginaceae[23]

Cyfeiriadau golygu

  1. ↑ "Family: Scrophulariaceae Juss., nom. cons". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2003-01-17. Cyrchwyd 2011-10-17.
  2. ↑ Fischer says that, if we consider morphology, it has been obvious for the last decades that the Scrophulariaceae do not represent a monophyletic group. See FISCHER (2004), p. 346.
  3. ↑ Olmstead, R. G., dePamphilis, C. W., Wolfe, A. D., Young, N. D., Elisons, W. J. & Reeves P. A. (2001). "Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae". American Journal of Botany 88 (2): 348–361. doi:10.2307/2657024. JSTOR 2657024. PMID 11222255. http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/88/2/348. Adalwyd 2018-06-27.
  4. ↑ Olmstead, R. G. (2003). "Whatever happened to the Scrophulariaceae?". Fremontia 30: 13–22. - on line here
  5. ↑ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 (2): 105–20, doi:10.1111/boj.12385, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/boj.12385/abstract, adalwyd 2016-05-20
  6. ↑ Christenhusz, M. J. M., and Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa (Magnolia Press) 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1. http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598.
  7. ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Aptosimeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Cyrchwyd 2015-11-28.
  8. ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Buddlejeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Cyrchwyd 2015-11-28.
  9. ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Hemimerideae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Cyrchwyd 2015-11-28.
  10. ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Leucophylleae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Cyrchwyd 2015-11-28.
  11. ↑ Gándara, Etelvina; Victoria Sosa (March 2013). "Testing the monophyly and position of the North American shrubby desert genus Leucophyllum (Scrophulariaceae: Leucophylleae)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 171 (3): 508–518. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01327.x.
  12. ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Limoselleae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Cyrchwyd 2015-11-28.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Kornhall, Per & Bremer, Birgitta (2004). "New circumscription of the tribe Limoselleae (Scrophulariaceae) that includes the taxa of the tribe Manuleeae". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 146 (4): 453–467. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2004.00341.x.
  14. ↑ Oxelman, B.; Kornhall, P.; Olmstead, R.G.; Bremer, B. (2005). "Further disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae". Taxon 54 (2): 411–425. doi:10.2307/25065369. JSTOR 25065369.
  15. ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Myoporeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Cyrchwyd 2015-11-28.
  16. ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Scrophularieae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Cyrchwyd 2015-11-28.
  17. ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Scrophularieae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Cyrchwyd 2015-11-28.
  18. ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Cyrchwyd 2015-11-28.
  19. ↑ Albach, D. C.; Meudt, H. M.; Oxelman, B. (2005). "Piecing together the "new" Plantaginaceae". American Journal of Botany 92 (2): 297–315. doi:10.3732/ajb.92.2.297. PMID 21652407. http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/92/2/297. Adalwyd 2018-06-27.
  20. ↑ "Lindernia All". A Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar. Missouri Botanical Garden and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle.
  21. ↑ Haston, E., Richardson, J. E., Stevens, P. F., Chase, M. W., Harris, D. J. (2007). "A linear sequence of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II families". Taxon 56 (1): 7–12. doi:10.2307/25065731.
  22. ↑ Nelson D. Young; Kim E. Steiner; Claude W. dePamphilis (Autumn 1999). "The Evolution of Parasitism in Scrophulariaceae/Orobanchaceae: Plastid Gene Sequences Refute an Evolutionary Transition Series". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 86 (4): 876–893. doi:10.2307/2666173. JSTOR 2666173.
  23. ↑ "GRIN genera sometimes placed in Scrophulariaceae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archifwyd o'r gwreiddiol ar 2015-09-24. Cyrchwyd 2011-10-17. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
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