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Peirianneg newid hinsawdd

Mae peirianneg newid hinsawdd (a elwir hefyd yn Ddaear-beirianneg a geobeirianneg) yn derm a ddefnyddir ar gyfer dau beth: tynnu carbon deuocsid (CDR) o'r atmosffer a rheoli ymbelydredd solar (SRM), a elwir hefyd yn Ddaear-beirianneg solar, pan gaiff ei gymhwyso ar raddfa blanedol.[1] Fodd bynnag, mae gan y ddau nodweddion daear-ffisegol gwahanol iawn a dyna pam nad yw'r IPCC (Panel Rhynglywodraethol ar Newid Hinsawdd) yn defnyddio'r term trosfwaol hwn mwyach.[1] [2]

Peirianneg newid hinsawdd
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Mae dulliau tynnu carbon deuocsid yn rhan o liniaru newid hinsawdd. Mae geobeirianneg solar yn golygu adlewyrchu rhywfaint o olau'r haul (pelydriad solar) yn ôl i'r gofod.[3] Nid yw pob math o geobeirianneg yn ateb i'r broblem o newid hinsawdd, ar ei ben ei hun, ond mae angen ei gyplysu â mathau eraill o liniaru newid hinsawdd.[4] Dull arall o geobeirianneg yw cynyddu allyriadau thermol y Ddaear trwy oeri ymbelydrol goddefol (passive radiative cooling).[5][6][7]

Diffinnir tynnu carbon deuocsid (Carbon dioxide removal; CDR) fel “Gweithgareddau anthropogenig (a achosir gan ddyn) sy'n tynnu carbon deuocsid (CO2) o'r atmosffer a'i storio'n barhaol mewn cronfeydd daearegol, neu gefnforol, neu mewn cynhyrchion. Nid yw'n cynnwys cymeriant CO2 naturiol nad yw'n cael ei achosi'n uniongyrchol gan weithgareddau dynol."[2]

Mae rhai mathau o beirianneg hinsawdd yn ddadleuol iawn oherwydd yr ansicrwydd mawr ynghylch effeithiolrwydd, sgil-effeithiau a chanlyniadau nas rhagwelwyd.[8] Fodd bynnag, rhaid ystyried risgiau ymyriadau o'r fath yng nghyd-destun trywydd newid hinsawdd.[9][10]

Diffiniad golygu

O 2018 ymlaen nid yw'r termau "peirianneg hinsawdd" a "Daear-beirianneg" yn cael eu defnyddio gan y Panel Rhynglywodraethol ar Newid Hinsawdd (IPCC).[11]  Defnyddir peirianneg hinsawdd (neu geobeirianneg) yn y llenyddiaeth fel term ar gyfer CDR (tynnu carbon deuocsid) neu SRM (rheoli ymbelydredd solar neu geobeirianneg solar) pan gaiff ei gymhwyso ar raddfa blanedol.[1] Fodd bynnag, mae ganddynt nodweddion geoffisegol tra gwahanol a dyna pam nad yw'r IPCC yn defnyddio'r term hwn mwyach.[1] [2]

Dulliau golygu

Tynnu crbon deuocsid golygu

Daear-beirianneg solar golygu

 
Daear-beirianneg solar arfaethedig gan ddefnyddio balŵn clymu i chwistrellu erosolau sylffad i'r stratosffer.

Perygl moesol a moeseg golygu

Gall peirianneg hinsawdd leihau'r brys i leihau allyriadau carbon,[12] gellir edrych ar hyn fel math o 'berygl moesol'.[13][14][15] Mae gwaith modelu yn awgrymu y gallai'r posibilrwydd o beirianneg hinsawdd mewn gwirionedd gynyddu'r tebygolrwydd o leihau allyriadau.[16][17]

Os gall peirianneg hinsawdd newid yr hinsawdd yna mae hyn yn codi cwestiynau a oes gan fodau dynol yr hawl i newid hinsawdd yn fwriadol, ac o dan ba amodau. Mae rhai traddodiadau crefyddol yn mynegi barn ar y berthynas rhwng bodau dynol a'u hamgylchoedd sy'n annog neu'n atal gweithredu'n benodol i ar yr hinsawdd.[18]

Petruso golygu

Mae rhai sefydliadau amgylcheddol (fel Cyfeillion y Ddaear a Greenpeace) wedi bod yn gyndyn i gefnogi neu wrthwynebu Daear-beirianneg solar, ond yn aml maent yn fwy cefnogol i brosiectau tynnu carbon deuocsid sy'n seiliedig ar natur, megis coedwigo ac adfer mawndiroedd.[12][19]  

Cyfeiriadau golygu

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 IPCC (2022) Chapter 1: Introduction and Framing in Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Gwasg Prifysgol Caergrawnt
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 IPCC, 2021: Annex VII: Glossary [Matthews, J.B.R., V. Möller, R. van Diemen, J.S. Fuglestvedt, V. Masson-Delmotte, C.  Méndez, S. Semenov, A. Reisinger (eds.)]. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Gwasg Prifysgol Caergrawnt, pp. 2215–2256, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.022.
  3. ↑ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering (2021-03-25). Reflecting Sunlight: Recommendations for Solar Geoengineering Research and Research Governance (yn Saesneg). doi:10.17226/25762. ISBN 978-0-309-67605-2. Cyrchwyd 2021-04-17.
  4. ↑ Munday, Jeremy (2019). "Tackling Climate Change through Radiative Cooling". Joule 3 (9): 2057–2060. doi:10.1016/j.joule.2019.07.010. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S254243511930354X. Adalwyd 2022-09-27. "Further, radiative cooling cannot be a complete, standalone solution, but rather is part of a more comprehensive approach that must include CO2 reduction. Otherwise, the radiative balance will not last long, and the potential financial benefits of mitigation will not fully be realized because of continued ocean acidification, air pollution, and redistribution of biomass."
  5. ↑ Zevenhovena, Ron; Fält, Martin (June 2018). "Radiative cooling through the atmospheric window: A third, less intrusive geoengineering approach". Energy 152. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0360544218304936. "An alternative, third geoengineering approach would be enhanced cooling by thermal radiation from the Earth's surface into space."
  6. ↑ Wang, Tong; Wu, Yi; Shi, Lan; Hu, Xinhua; Chen, Min; Wu, Limin (2021). "A structural polymer for highly efficient all-day passive radiative cooling". Nature Communications 12 (365): 365. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-20646-7. PMC 7809060. PMID 33446648. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=7809060. "One possibly alternative approach is passive radiative cooling—a sky-facing surface on the Earth spontaneously cools by radiating heat to the ultracold outer space through the atmosphere’s longwave infrared (LWIR) transparency window (λ ~ 8–13 μm)."
  7. ↑ Chen, Meijie; Pang, Dan; Chen, Xingyu; Yan, Hongjie; Yang, Yuan (2022). "Passive daytime radiative cooling: Fundamentals, material designs, and applications". EcoMat 4. doi:10.1002/eom2.12153. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/eom2.12153. "Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) dissipates terrestrial heat to the extremely cold outer space without using any energy input or producing pollution. It has the potential to simultaneously alleviate the two major problems of energy crisis and global warming."
  8. ↑ Gernot Wagner (2021). Geoengineering: the Gamble.
  9. ↑ Matthias Honegger; Axel Michaelowa; Sonja Butzengeiger-Geyer (2012). Climate Engineering[[:Nodyn:Snd]] Avoiding Pandora's Box through Research and Governance (PDF). FNI Climate Policy Perspectives. Fridtjof Nansen Institute (FNI), Perspectives. Archifwyd o'r gwreiddiol (PDF) ar 2020-07-08. Cyrchwyd 2018-10-09. URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  10. ↑ Zahra Hirji (October 6, 2016). "Removing CO2 From the Air Only Hope for Fixing Climate Change, New Study Says; Without 'negative emissions' to help return atmospheric CO2 to 350 ppm, future generations could face costs that 'may become too heavy to bear,' paper says". insideclimatenews.org. InsideClimate News. Archifwyd o'r gwreiddiol ar November 17, 2019. Cyrchwyd October 7, 2016.
  11. ↑ IPCC (2022). Global Warming of 1.5°C: IPCC Special Report on impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels in context of strengthening response to climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty (arg. 1). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781009157940.008. ISBN 978-1-009-15794-0.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Adam, David (1 September 2008). "Extreme and risky action the only way to tackle global warming, say scientists". The Guardian. Archifwyd o'r gwreiddiol ar 2019-08-06. Cyrchwyd 2009-05-23.
  13. ↑ Kahan, Dan M.; Jenkins-Smith, Hank; Tarantola, Tor; Silva, Carol L.; Braman, Donald (2015-03-01). "Geoengineering and Climate Change Polarization Testing a Two-Channel Model of Science Communication". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 658 (1): 192–222. doi:10.1177/0002716214559002. ISSN 0002-7162.
  14. ↑ Wibeck, Victoria; Hansson, Anders; Anshelm, Jonas (2015-05-01). "Questioning the technological fix to climate changeNodyn:Snd Lay sense-making of geoengineering in Sweden". Energy Research & Social Science 7: 23–30. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2015.03.001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-119732.
  15. ↑ Merk, Christine; Pönitzsch, Gert; Kniebes, Carola; Rehdanz, Katrin; Schmidt, Ulrich (2015-02-10). "Exploring public perceptions of stratospheric sulfate injection". Climatic Change 130 (2): 299–312. Bibcode 2015ClCh..130..299M. doi:10.1007/s10584-014-1317-7. ISSN 0165-0009.
  16. ↑ Urpelainen, Johannes (2012-02-10). "Geoengineering and global warming: a strategic perspective". International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 12 (4): 375–389. doi:10.1007/s10784-012-9167-0. ISSN 1567-9764.
  17. ↑ Moreno-Cruz, Juan B. (2015-08-01). "Mitigation and the geoengineering threat". Resource and Energy Economics 41: 248–263. doi:10.1016/j.reseneeco.2015.06.001.
  18. ↑ Clingerman, F.; O'Brien, K. (2014). "Playing God: why religion belongs in the climate engineering debate". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 70 (3): 27–37. Bibcode 2014BuAtS..70c..27C. doi:10.1177/0096340214531181. https://archive.org/details/sim_bulletin-of-the-atomic-scientists_2014_70_3/page/27.
  19. ↑ Parr, Doug (1 September 2008). "Geo-engineering is no solution to climate change". Guardian Newspaper. London. Archifwyd o'r gwreiddiol ar 2018-08-20. Cyrchwyd 2009-05-23.
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