Aloffon

Mewn ffonoleg, un o set synau llafar (neu ffonau) posibl a ddefnyddir i ynganu ffonem yw aloffon (o'r Roeg: ἄλλος, állos, "arall" a φωνή, phōnē, "llais, sain"). Er enghraifft, mae [l] (fel mewn pili-pala) ac [l̥] (fel mewn clust [kl̥ɪsd]) yn aloffonau'r ffonem /l/ yn Gymraeg.^[1] Er bod aloffonau yn gynaniadau gwahanol ar gyfer yr un ffonem, gellir yn aml ragweld pa aloffon fydd yn cael ei dewis mewn sefyllfa benodol. Fel arfer, dydy newid aloffon y mae siaradwyr brodorol yn ei defnyddio mewn cyd-destun penodol ddim yn newdid ystyr y gair, ond mae'n bosibl bod y canlyniad yn swnio'n ddieithr neu'n annealladwy. Mae siaradwyr brodorol fel arfer yn canfod un ffonem yn eu hiaith fel sŵn unigrwy, unigol yn yr iaith honno ac maen nhw'n "ymwybodol o ac hyd yn oed yn cael eu synnu gan" yr amrywiadau aloffonegol a ddefnyddir i gynanu ffonemau unigol.^{[c 1]}^[2]^[3]

Hanes y cysyniad

Cafodd y gair aloffon (yn Saesneg: allophone) ei fathu gan Benjamin Lee Whorf yn y 1940au. Wrth wneud hynny, cyfnerthodd ddamcaniaeth ffonemegol gynnar.^[4] Poblogeiddiodd G. L. Trager a Bernard Bloch y gair mewn papur 1941 am ffonoleg Saesneg,^[5] ac aeth y term i fod yn rhan o'r defnydd safonol yn nhraddodiad strwythuraidd Americanaidd.^[6]

Cyfeiriadau

↑ Ball, Martin John, a Nicole Müller. Mutation in Welsh. Llundain: Routledge, 1992, tud. 103.
↑ B.D. Sharma, Linguistics and Phonetics, Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2005, ISBN 978-81-261-2120-5, http://books.google.com/books?id=rDs8sJ5snrUC, "... The ordinary native speaker is, in fact, often unaware of the allophonic variations of his phonemes ..."
↑ Y. Tobin, Phonology as human behavior: theoretical implications and clinical applications, Duke University Press, 1997, ISBN 978-0-8223-1822-4, http://books.google.com/books?id=NmBYJdTJjKkC, "... always found that native speakers are clearly aware of the phonemes of their language but are both unaware of and even shocked by the plethora of allophones and the minutiae needed to distinguish between them ..."
↑ Lee, Penny (1996). The Whorf Theory Complex — A Critical Reconstruction. John Benjamins. tt. 46, 88.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
↑ Trager, George L. (1959). "The Systematization of the Whorf Hypothesis". Anthropological Linguistics (Operational Models in Synchronic Linguistics: A Symposium Presented at the 1958 Meetings of the American Anthropological Association) 1 (1): 31–35.
↑ Hymes, Dell H.; Fought, John G. (1981). American Structuralism. Walter de Gruyter. t. 99.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Cyfieithiadau

↑ "both unaware of and even shocked by"

Eginyn erthygl sydd uchod am iaith. Gallwch helpu Wicipedia drwy ychwanegu ato.

[1] Ball, Martin John, a Nicole Müller. Mutation in Welsh. Llundain: Routledge, 1992, tud. 103.

[ref89rahec-3] B.D. Sharma, Linguistics and Phonetics, Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2005, ISBN 978-81-261-2120-5, http://books.google.com/books?id=rDs8sJ5snrUC, "... The ordinary native speaker is, in fact, often unaware of the allophonic variations of his phonemes ..."

[ref06hozep-4] Y. Tobin, Phonology as human behavior: theoretical implications and clinical applications, Duke University Press, 1997, ISBN 978-0-8223-1822-4, http://books.google.com/books?id=NmBYJdTJjKkC, "... always found that native speakers are clearly aware of the phonemes of their language but are both unaware of and even shocked by the plethora of allophones and the minutiae needed to distinguish between them ..."

[5] Lee, Penny (1996). The Whorf Theory Complex — A Critical Reconstruction. John Benjamins. tt. 46, 88.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

[6] Trager, George L. (1959). "The Systematization of the Whorf Hypothesis". Anthropological Linguistics (Operational Models in Synchronic Linguistics: A Symposium Presented at the 1958 Meetings of the American Anthropological Association) 1 (1): 31–35.

[7] Hymes, Dell H.; Fought, John G. (1981). American Structuralism. Walter de Gruyter. t. 99.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

[2] "both unaware of and even shocked by"

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