Eglwys y Geni: Gwahaniaeth rhwng fersiynau

Basilica ym [[Bethlehem]] yn y [[Y Lan Orllewinol|Lan Orllewinol,]] yw '''Eglwys y Geni,''' neu weithiau '''Basilica'r Geni.'''{{Efn|{{lang-he|כנסיית המולד}}; {{lang-ar|كَنِيسَةُ ٱلْمَهْد}}; {{lang-el|Βασιλική της Γεννήσεως}}; {{lang-hy|Սուրբ Ծննդեան տաճար}}; {{lang-la|Basilica Nativitatis}}}} Ceir [[groto]] oddi fewn i'r eglwys sydd ag arwyddocâd crefyddol amlwg i [[Cristnogaeth|Gristnogion]] o wahanol enwadau fel [[Geni'r Iesu|man geni]] (honedig) [[Iesu Grist]].Y groto yw'r safle hynaf a ddefnyddir fel addoldy Cristnogol, a'r basilica yw'r brif eglwys hynaf yn y Wlad Sanctaidd.

 

 

 

Cafodd y seren arian, sy'n nodi'r fan lle cafodd Crist ei eni, gydag arysgriiad Lladin, ei dwyn yn Hydref 1847 gan fynachod Groegaidd a oedd am gael gwared ar yr eitem Gatholig hon.<ref name="Cohen2011">{{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=Raymond|title=Conflict and Neglect: Between Ruin and Preservation at the Church of the Nativity|editor-last=Melanie Hall|publisher=Routledge|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4094-0772-0|chapter=4|pages=91–108|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xkCgCwAAQBAJ}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCohen2011">Cohen, Raymond (2011). "4". In Melanie Hall (ed.). [https://books.google.com/books?id=xkCgCwAAQBAJ ''Conflict and Neglect: Between Ruin and Preservation at the Church of the Nativity'']. ''Towards world heritage: international origins of the preservation movement 1870–1930''. Routledge. pp.&nbsp;91–108. [[Rhif Llyfr Safonol Rhyngwladol|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Arbennig: BookSources / 978-1-4094-0772-0|<bdi>978-1-4094-0772-0</bdi>]] &#x2013; via https://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/research_sites/cjl/pdf/CohenEssay_9.30.10.pdf.</cite></ref> Mae rhai yn honni bod hyn yn ffactor a gyfrannodd at [[Rhyfel y Crimea|Rhyfel y Crimea yn]] erbyn [[Ymerodraeth Rwsia]];<ref>{{Cite book|last=LaMar C. Berrett|title=Discovering the World of the Bible|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzWS9al8ZUEC&pg=PA188|year=1996|publisher=Cedar Fort|isbn=978-0-910523-52-3|page=188}}</ref> mae eraill yn honni bod y rhyfel wedi tyfu allan o'r sefyllfa Ewropeaidd ehangach.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Clive Ponting|title=The Crimean War: The Truth Behind the Myth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C7lo1UBTp74C&pg=PA2|year=2011|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-1-4070-9311-6|pages=2–3]}}</ref>

 

 

Mae cytundebh 250 oed ymhlith cymunedau crefyddol yr ardal, o'r enw y Status Quo, yn berthnasol i'r safle.<ref>{{Cite book|title=United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine Working Paper on the Holy Places|date=1949|last=UN Conciliation Commission|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:United_Nations_Conciliation_Commission_for_Palestine_Working_Paper_on_the_Holy_Places.djvu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Status Quo in the Holy Places|date=1929|first=L. G. A.|last=Cust|author-link=Lionel George Archer Cust|publisher=H.M.S.O. for the High Commissioner of the Government of Palestine|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Status_Quo_in_the_Holy_Places}}</ref>

Adeiladwyd y basilica cyntaf ar y safle hwn gan yr Ymerawdwr [[Cystennin I]], ar safle a nodwyd gan ei fam, [[Helena o Gaergystennin]]<ref>{{cite book |first= Leland M. |last= Roth |year= 1993 |title= Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History and Meaning |edition= First |publisher= Westview Press |location= Boulder, CO |isbn= 0-06-430158-3 |pages= 278, 282 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=q_5QDwAAQBAJ&q=nativity |access-date=2020-03-15 }}</ref> ac Esgob Makarios o Jerwsalem .<ref name="Pearl">{{Cite book|first=Moshe|last=Pearlman|year=1980|title=Digging up the Bible|publisher=William Morrow and Co.|location=New York|pages=33–34|url=http://cojs.org/church_of_the_holy_sepulchre-_325_ce/|access-date=2020-03-16}}</ref> Dechreuwyd ar y gwaith adeiladu yn 326<ref">{{Cite book|first=Leland M.|last=Roth|year=1993|title=Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History and Meaning|edition=First|publisher=Westview Press|location=Boulder, CO|isbn=0-06-430158-3|pages=278, 282|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q_5QDwAAQBAJ&q=nativity|access-date=2020-03-15}}</ref> dan oruchwyliaeth yr Esgob Makarios, a ddilynodd orchmynion Cystennin, ac a gysegrwyd ar 31 Mai [[339]] <ref name="OConnor">{{Cite book|title=The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700|series=Oxford Archaeological Guides|last=Jerome Murphy-O'Connor|year=2008|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=229–237|isbn=978-0-19-923666-4|url={{Google books |id=m3Yy9FDcT8gC |page=237 |plainurl=yes}}|access-date=10 April 2018}}</ref> - sut bynnag, roedd Pererin Bordeaux wedi ymweld ag ef eisoes yn 333,<ref name="CTS2018">{{Cite web|title=Anonymous of Bordeaux|url=http://www.bethlehem.custodia.org/default.asp?id=525|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531232557/http://www.bethlehem.custodia.org/default.asp?id=525|website=Custodia terrae sanctae, Bethlehem Sanctuary|access-date=16 March 2020|archivedate=31 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="CTS2020">{{Cite web|website=Custodia terrae sanctae|title=Bethlehem: The Roman-Byzantine period|url=https://www.custodia.org/en/sanctuaries/bethlehem|access-date=2020-03-15}}</ref> pan roedd eisoes yn cael ei ddefnyddio.<ref name="CTS2018" />

 

 

# Yn y pen dwyreiniol, aps mewn siâp pentagon wedi torri, yn hytrach na'r octagon llawn a gynigiwyd unwaith, yn amgylchynu llwyfan uchel gydag agoriad yn ei lawr o ca. diamedr 4 metr a oedd yn caniatáu gweld safle'r Geni oddi tano'n uniongyrchol. Roedd llwybr cerdded gydag ystafelloedd ochr yn amgylchynu'r aps hwn.<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last=Peter Gemeinhardt|editor-last2=Katharina Heyden|title=Heilige, Heiliges und Heiligkeit in spätantiken Religionskulturen|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=2012|isbn=9783110283976|access-date=8 April 2018|url={{Google books |id=WiASfqLGVMAC |pages=77–79 |plainurl=yes}}}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPeter_GemeinhardtKatharina_Heyden2012">Peter Gemeinhardt; Katharina Heyden, eds. (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=WiASfqLGVMAC ''Heilige, Heiliges und Heiligkeit in spätantiken Religionskulturen'']. Walter de Gruyter. [[Rhif Llyfr Safonol Rhyngwladol|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9783110283976|<bdi>9783110283976</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref>

 

=== Basilica Justinian (6g) ===

 

Goresgynnodd y [[Sassaniaid]] (y Persiaid) o dan Khosrau II [[Palesteina|gwlad Palesteina]] a goresgyn Jerwsalem gerllaw yn 614, ond ni wnaethant ddinistrio'r adeiladau hyn. Yn ôl y chwedl, symudwyd eu cadlywydd Shahrbaraz gan y darlun uwchben mynedfa eglwys y Tri Magi yn gwisgo dilledyn [[Zoroastriaeth|offeiriaid Zoroastriaidd]] Persia, felly gorchmynnodd fod yr adeilad yn cael ei arbed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem: Early Christian Period After 529|publisher=The Palestine Exploration Fund|url=https://www.pef.org.uk/church|access-date=2020-03-15|archivedate=28 January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128004443/https://www.pef.org.uk/church/}}</ref><ref name="Runciman">{{Cite book|first=Steven|last=Runciman|title=A History of the Crusades Vol. I: The First Crusade and the Foundations of the Kingdom of Jerusalem|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1987|page=10|isbn=9780521347709|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uDj9sNezWzEC&pg=PA10|access-date=2020-03-15}}</ref>

 

=== Cyfnod y croesgadwr hyd at Mamluk (12g i ddechrau'r 16g) ===

Defnyddiwyd Eglwys y Geni fel y brif eglwys goroni ar gyfer brenhinoedd [[y Croesgadau]], o ail reolwr [[Yr Eglwys Gatholig Rufeinig|Teyrnas Gatholig Jerwsalem]] yn 1100 a than 1131. Adferwyd ac addurnwyd yr eglwys yn helaeth gan y Croesgadwyr, ac felly hefyd y basilica a'r tiroedd,<ref name="Hazzard, Harry W 1977">{{cite book |last= Hazzard |first= Harry W. |title=A History of the Crusades |volume= vol. IV |year=1977 }}{{full citation needed|date= December 2016}}</ref> proses a barhaodd tan 1169.<ref name="Shomali">{{Cite web|title=Church of the Nativity: History & Structure|authorlink=Qustandi Shomali|last=Shomali|first=Qustandi|url=http://docplayer.net/20828358-Church-of-the-nativity-history-structure.html|quote=Today, the compound of the Nativity church covers an area of approximately 12,000 square meters and includes, besides the Basilica, the Latin convent in the north, the Greek convent in the south-east and the Armenian convent in the south-west. A bell-tower and sacristy were built adjoining the south-east corner of the Basilica.|access-date=8 April 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFShomali">[[Qustandi Shomali|Shomali, Qustandi]]. [http://docplayer.net/20828358-Church-of-the-nativity-history-structure.html "Church of the Nativity: History & Structure"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2018</span>. <q>Today, the compound of the Nativity church covers an area of approximately 12,000 square meters and includes, besides the Basilica, the Latin convent in the north, the Greek convent in the south-east and the Armenian convent in the south-west. A bell-tower and sacristy were built adjoining the south-east corner of the Basilica.</q></cite></ref>

 

 

=== Cyfnod Otomanaidd, y tair canrif gyntaf (16g - 18g) ===

Ar ddiwedd y 18g gwelodd Abbé Giovanni Mariti fod yr haenau denau o farmor wedi cael eu tynnu o waliau'r eglwys, a rhoddodd y bai ar swltan yr Aifft a oedda nododd bod y darnau haearn a oedd wedi dal y slabiau marmor yn y waliau yn dal i fod yn weladwy.<ref name="Halgh">{{Cite book|last=Greenhalgh|first=Michael|title=Marble Past, Monumental Present: Building With Antiquities in the Mediaeval Mediterranean|publisher=Brill|year=2009|page=163|chapter=4, Looted and Trophy Marble|isbn=9789004170834|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xMAlL8OBhcC&q=nativity|access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref>

 

=== Y bedwaredd ganrif ar bymtheg ===

 

Rhoddodd Sultan Twrci seren arian arall yn y Groto, ynghyd ag arysgrif Ladin, ond roedd Ymerodraeth Rwsia'n anghytuno â'r newid mewn awdurdod. Fe ddyfyno nhw Gytundeb Küçük Kaynarca a danfonwyd byddinoedd i ardal y [[Afon Donaw|Danube.]] O ganlyniad, cyhoeddodd yr Otomaniaid eu bod yn gwrthdroi eu penderfyniad cynharach, gan ymwrthod â chytundeb Ffrainc, ac adfer y Groegiaid i'r awdurdod sofran dros eglwysi’r Wlad Sanctaidd am y tro, a thrwy hynny gynyddu tensiynau lleol. Roedd hyn i gyd yn dyfnhau'r gwrthdaro rhwng ymerodraethau Rwsia a'r Otomaniaid dros reoli yr holl safleoedd sanctaidd.

 

=== Yr ugeinfed ganrif hyd heddiw ===

 

 

==== Safle Treftadaeth y Byd ====

Yn 2012, daeth cyfadeilad yr eglwys y safle Palestina cyntaf i gael ei restru fel [[Safle Treftadaeth y Byd]] gan Bwyllgor Treftadaeth y Byd yn ei 36ain sesiwn ar 29 Mehefin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://globalheritagefund.org/onthewire/blog/church_of_the_nativity|title=Bethlehem's Church of the Nativity Could Be Israel's First World Heritage Site|publisher=Global Heritage Fund|date=15 June 2012|access-date=29 June 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706000541/http://globalheritagefund.org/onthewire/blog/church_of_the_nativity|archivedate=6 July 2012}}</ref> Fe’i cymeradwywyd trwy bleidlais gudd o 13–6 yn y pwyllgor 21 aelod, yn ôl llefarydd ar ran [[UNESCO]], Sue Williams,<ref name="ynet">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4249093,00.html|title=UNESCO makes Church of Nativity as endangered site|publisher=Ynetnews.com|date=29 June 2012|access-date=29 June 2012}}</ref> ac yn dilyn ymgeisyddiaeth frys a oedd yn osgoi’r broses o aros am 18 mis ar gyfer y mwyafrif o safleoedd, er gwaethaf gwrthwynebiad yr Unol Daleithiau ac Israel.

 

 

Gosodwyd y basilica ar Restr Gwylio 2008 o'r 100 Safle Mwyaf Mewn Perygl gan Gronfa Henebion y Byd:

 

{{Rheoli awdurdod}}

[[Categori:Erthyglau sy'n cynnwys testun Lladin]]

[[Categori:Erthyglau sy'n cynnwys testun Groeg]]

[[Categori:Coordinates on Wikidata]]

[[Categori:Pages with unreviewed translations]]