Scrophulariaceae

Teulu'r gwrnerth
	Scrophularia nodosa
Dosbarthiad gwyddonol
Teyrnas:	Plantae
Ddim wedi'i restru:	Angiosbermau
Ddim wedi'i restru:	Ewdicotau
Ddim wedi'i restru:	Asteridau
Urdd:	Lamiales
Teulu:	Scrophulariaceae; Juss.
Genera
	Gweler yr erthygl
Cyfystyron
	Bontiaceae Horan.; Buddlejaceae K.Wilh., nom. cons.; Hebenstretiaceae Horan.; Limosellaceae J.Agardh; Myoporaceae R.Br., nom. cons.; Oftiaceae Takht. & Reveal; Selaginaceae Choisy, nom. cons.; Spielmanniaceae J.Agardh, nom. illeg.; Verbascaceae Bercht. & J.Presl

Teulu o blanhigion blodeuol yw'r Scrophulariaceae neu deulu'r gwrnerth. Llysiau blynyddol a lluosflwydd yw'r aelodau, ac eithrio un genws o lwyni. Mae gan y blodau gymesuredd dwyochrog (zygomorphic) neu weithiau gymesuredd cylch (actinomorphic). Mae gan aelodau'r Scrophulariaceae ddosbarthiad cosmopolitaidd, gyda'r rhan fwyaf i'w canfod mewn ardaloedd tymherus, gan gynnwys mynyddoedd trofannol. Daw enw'r teulu o'r genws Scrophularia L.

Tacsonomeg

Yn y gorffennol, roedd 275 genws a mwy na 5,000 o rywogaethau wedi eu cynnwys fel aelodau o'r Scrophulariaceae, ond mae'r nifer hwn wedi cyfyngu'n aruthrol ers i astudiaethau ffylogenetig moleciwlaidd ddangos fod y dosbarthiad traddodiadol yn lluosdylwythol.^[2] Mae llawer o'r aelodau wedi eu symud i deuluoedd eraill o fewn urdd y Lamiales, yn enwedig y Plantaginaceae a'r Orobanchaceae, ond mae rhai wedi eu symud i deuluoedd newydd.^[3]^[4] Mae llawer o deuluoedd o fewn y Lamiales felly wedi cynyddu mewn nifer eu haelodau yn dilyn y newidiadau yma.

Ystyriodd Fischer (2004) fod y teulu yn cynnwys tri is-deulu: Antirrhinoideae, Gratioloideae a Digitalidoideae. Roedd gan y Gratiolinae 10 genws (tua 121 rhywogaeth) wedi eu gwasgaru ar hyd rhannau tymherus a throfannol America. Mae llawer o'r rhain bellach yn cael eu cynnwys yn y teulu Plantaginaceae (llwyth Gratioleae).

Defnydd

Mae rhai planhigion meddyginiaethol yn y Scrophulariaceae, gan gynnwys:

Leptandra
Scrophularia
Verbascum, dail melfed

Genera

Mae dosbarthiad APG IV (2016)^[5] y Scrophulariaceae yn cynnwys 62 genws a tua 1830 rhywogaeth gwybyddus.^[6]

Leucophyllum frutescens

Llwyth Aptosimeae^[7]

Anticharis Endl.
Aptosimum Burch. ex Benth.
Peliostomum E.Mey. ex Benth.

Llwyth Buddlejeae^[8]

Buddleja L. – Coeden fêl
Emorya Torr.
Gomphostigma Turcz.

Llwyth Hemimerideae^[9]

Alonsoa Ruiz & Pav.
Colpias E.Mey. ex Benth.
Diascia Link & Otto
Diclis Benth.
Hemimeris L.f.
Nemesia Vent.

Llwyth Leucophylleae^[10]

Capraria L.^[11]
Eremogeton Standl. & L.O.Williams
Leucophyllum Humb. & Bonpl.

Llwyth Limoselleae^[12]

Barthlottia Eb.Fisch.
Camptoloma Benth.
Chaenostoma Benth.^[13])
Chenopodiopsis Hilliard
Cromidon Compton
Dischisma Choisy
Glekia Hilliard
Globulariopsis Compton
Glumicalyx Hiern
Gosela Choisy
Hebenstretia L
Jamesbrittenia Kuntze^[13]
Limosella L.^[14]
Lyperia Benth.
Manuleopsis Thell. ex Schinz
Melanospermum Hilliard
Microdon Choisy

Phyllopodium Benth.
Polycarena Benth.
Reyemia Hilliard
Selago L.
Strobilopsis Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
Sutera Roth syn. Manulea Thun.
Tetraselago Junell
Trieenea Hilliard
Zaluzianskya F.W.Schmidt

Llwyth Myoporeae^[15]

Bontia L.
Calamphoreus Chinnock
Diocirea Chinnock
Eremophila R.Br.
Glycocystis Chinnock
Myoporum Sol. ex G.Forst.
Pentacoelium Siebold & Zucc.

Llwyth Scrophularieae^[16]

Antherothamnus N.E.Br.
Nathaliella B.Fedtsch.
Oreosolen Hook.f.
Scrophularia L. – Gwrnerth gwenynddail
Verbascum L. – Dail melfed

Llwyth Teedieae^[17]

Dermatobotrys Bolus
Freylinia Colla
Oftia Adans.
Ranopisoa J.F.Leroy
Teedia Rudolphi

Heb fod mewn llwyth gwybyddus

Ameroglossum Eb.Fisch., S.Vogel & A.V.Lopes
Brachystigma Pennell – Bysedd cŵn y diffaethwch
Dasistoma Raf.
Hemianthus Nutt.
Leucosalpa Scott-Elliot
Ohlendorffia Lehm.
Phygelius E.Mey. ex Benth. – Ffiwsia'r penrhyn^[18]

Genera wedi eu symud

Mae'r genera canlynol, gynt wedi eu cynnwys yn y Scrophulariaceae, wedi eu symud i deuluoedd eraill:

Acanthorrhinum Rothm. → Plantaginaceae
Agalinis Raf. → Orobanchaceae
Angelonia Humb. & Bonpl. → Plantaginaceae
Antirrhinum L. → Plantaginaceae
Asarina Mill. → Plantaginaceae
Bacopa Aubl. → Plantaginaceae
Bartsia L. → Orobanchaceae
Basistemon Turcz. → Plantaginaceae
Besseya Rydb. → Plantaginaceae
Calceolaria L. → Calceolariaceae
Castilleja Mutis ex L.f. → Orobanchaceae
Chaenorhinum (DC.) Rchb. → Plantaginaceae
Chelone L. → Plantaginaceae
Chionophila Benth. → Plantaginaceae
Collinsia Nutt. → Plantaginaceae
Cordylanthus Nutt. ex Benth. → Orobanchaceae
Craterostigma Hochst. → Linderniaceae^[19] or as part of Lindernia^[20]
Cymbalaria → Plantaginaceae
Digitalis L. → Plantaginaceae
Dopatrium Buch.-Ham. ex Benth. → Plantaginaceae
Epixiphium (Engelm. ex A.Gray) Munz → Plantaginaceae
Euphrasia L. → Orobanchaceae
Galvezia Dombey ex Juss. → Plantaginaceae
Gambelia Nutt. → Plantaginaceae
Glossostigma Wight & Arn. → Phrymaceae

Gratiola L. → Plantaginaceae
Hebe Comm. ex Juss. → Plantaginaceae
Holmgrenanthe Elisens → Plantaginaceae
Howelliella Rothm. → Plantaginaceae
Keckiella Straw → Plantaginaceae
Kickxia Dumort. → Plantaginaceae
Lagotis Gaertn. → Plantaginaceae
Limnophila R.Br. → Plantaginaceae
Linaria Mill. → Plantaginaceae
Lindernia All. → Linderniaceae^[21]
Lophospermum D.Don → Plantaginaceae
Mabrya Elisens → Plantaginaceae
Maurandella (A.Gray) Rothm. → Plantaginaceae
Maurandya Ortega → Plantaginaceae
Mazus Lour. → Mazaceae
Mecardonia Ruiz & Pav. → Plantaginaceae
Melampyrum L. → Orobanchaceae
Micranthemum Michx. → Plantaginaceae
Mimulus L. → Phrymaceae
Misopates Raf. → Plantaginaceae
Mohavea A.Gray → Plantaginaceae
Neogaerrhinum Rothm. → Plantaginaceae
Nothochelone (A.Gray) Straw → Plantaginaceae

Nuttallanthus D.A.Sutton → Plantaginaceae
Odontites Ludw. → Orobanchaceae
Orobanche L. → Orobanchaceae
Orthocarpus Nutt. → Orobanchaceae
Parentucellia Viv. → Orobanchaceae
Paulownia Siebold & Zucc. → Paulowniaceae
Pedicularis L. → Orobanchaceae
Peltanthera Benth.→ Gesneriaceae (or Peltantheraceae)
Penstemon Schmidel → Plantaginaceae
Pseudorontium (A.Gray) Rothm. → Plantaginaceae
Rhinanthus L. → Orobanchaceae
Russelia Jacq. → Plantaginaceae
Sairocarpus D.A.Sutton → Plantaginaceae
Sanango G.S.Bunting & Duke → Gesneriaceae
Schistophragma Benth. ex Endl. → Plantaginaceae
Scoparia L. → Plantaginaceae
Stemodia L. → Plantaginaceae
Striga Lour. → Orobanchaceae^[22]
Synthyris Benth. → Plantaginaceae
Tonella Nutt. ex A.Gray → Plantaginaceae
Torenia L. → Linderniaceae
Tozzia L. → Orobanchaceae
Triphysaria Fisch. & C.A.Mey. → Orobanchaceae
Veronica L. → Plantaginaceae
Veronicastrum Heist. ex Fabr. → Plantaginaceae^[23]

Cyfeiriadau

↑ "Family: Scrophulariaceae Juss., nom. cons". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2003-01-17. Cyrchwyd 2011-10-17.
↑ Fischer says that, if we consider morphology, it has been obvious for the last decades that the Scrophulariaceae do not represent a monophyletic group. See FISCHER (2004), p. 346.
↑ Olmstead, R. G., dePamphilis, C. W., Wolfe, A. D., Young, N. D., Elisons, W. J. & Reeves P. A. (2001). "Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae". American Journal of Botany 88 (2): 348–361. doi:10.2307/2657024. JSTOR 2657024. PMID 11222255. http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/88/2/348. Adalwyd 2018-06-27.
↑ Olmstead, R. G. (2003). "Whatever happened to the Scrophulariaceae?". Fremontia 30: 13–22. - on line here
↑ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 (2): 105–20, doi:10.1111/boj.12385, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/boj.12385/abstract, adalwyd 2016-05-20
↑ Christenhusz, M. J. M., and Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa (Magnolia Press) 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1. http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598.
↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Aptosimeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Cyrchwyd 2015-11-28.
↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Buddlejeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Cyrchwyd 2015-11-28.
↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Hemimerideae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Cyrchwyd 2015-11-28.
↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Leucophylleae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Cyrchwyd 2015-11-28.
↑ Gándara, Etelvina; Victoria Sosa (March 2013). "Testing the monophyly and position of the North American shrubby desert genus Leucophyllum (Scrophulariaceae: Leucophylleae)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 171 (3): 508–518. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01327.x.
↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Limoselleae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Cyrchwyd 2015-11-28.
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 Kornhall, Per & Bremer, Birgitta (2004). "New circumscription of the tribe Limoselleae (Scrophulariaceae) that includes the taxa of the tribe Manuleeae". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 146 (4): 453–467. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2004.00341.x.
↑ Oxelman, B.; Kornhall, P.; Olmstead, R.G.; Bremer, B. (2005). "Further disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae". Taxon 54 (2): 411–425. doi:10.2307/25065369. JSTOR 25065369.
↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Myoporeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Cyrchwyd 2015-11-28.
↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Scrophularieae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Cyrchwyd 2015-11-28.
↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Scrophularieae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Cyrchwyd 2015-11-28.
↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Cyrchwyd 2015-11-28.
↑ Albach, D. C.; Meudt, H. M.; Oxelman, B. (2005). "Piecing together the "new" Plantaginaceae". American Journal of Botany 92 (2): 297–315. doi:10.3732/ajb.92.2.297. PMID 21652407. http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/92/2/297. Adalwyd 2018-06-27.
↑ "Lindernia All". A Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar. Missouri Botanical Garden and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle.
↑ Haston, E., Richardson, J. E., Stevens, P. F., Chase, M. W., Harris, D. J. (2007). "A linear sequence of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II families". Taxon 56 (1): 7–12. doi:10.2307/25065731.
↑ Nelson D. Young; Kim E. Steiner; Claude W. dePamphilis (Autumn 1999). "The Evolution of Parasitism in Scrophulariaceae/Orobanchaceae: Plastid Gene Sequences Refute an Evolutionary Transition Series". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 86 (4): 876–893. doi:10.2307/2666173. JSTOR 2666173.
↑ "GRIN genera sometimes placed in Scrophulariaceae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archifwyd o'r gwreiddiol ar 2015-09-24. Cyrchwyd 2011-10-17. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)

[GRIN-1] "Family: Scrophulariaceae Juss., nom. cons". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2003-01-17. Cyrchwyd 2011-10-17.

[2] Fischer says that, if we consider morphology, it has been obvious for the last decades that the Scrophulariaceae do not represent a monophyletic group. See FISCHER (2004), p. 346.

[olmstead2001-3] Olmstead, R. G., dePamphilis, C. W., Wolfe, A. D., Young, N. D., Elisons, W. J. & Reeves P. A. (2001). "Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae". American Journal of Botany 88 (2): 348–361. doi:10.2307/2657024. JSTOR 2657024. PMID 11222255. http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/88/2/348. Adalwyd 2018-06-27.

[4] Olmstead, R. G. (2003). "Whatever happened to the Scrophulariaceae?". Fremontia 30: 13–22. - on line here

[apgiv-5] Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 (2): 105–20, doi:10.1111/boj.12385, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/boj.12385/abstract, adalwyd 2016-05-20

[Christenhusz-Byng2016-6] Christenhusz, M. J. M., and Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa (Magnolia Press) 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1. http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598.

[7] "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Aptosimeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Cyrchwyd 2015-11-28.

[8] "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Buddlejeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Cyrchwyd 2015-11-28.

[9] "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Hemimerideae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Cyrchwyd 2015-11-28.

[10] "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Leucophylleae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Cyrchwyd 2015-11-28.

[11] Gándara, Etelvina; Victoria Sosa (March 2013). "Testing the monophyly and position of the North American shrubby desert genus Leucophyllum (Scrophulariaceae: Leucophylleae)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 171 (3): 508–518. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01327.x.

[12] "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Limoselleae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Cyrchwyd 2015-11-28.

[kornhall2004-13] 13.0 ^13.1 Kornhall, Per & Bremer, Birgitta (2004). "New circumscription of the tribe Limoselleae (Scrophulariaceae) that includes the taxa of the tribe Manuleeae". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 146 (4): 453–467. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2004.00341.x.

[14] Oxelman, B.; Kornhall, P.; Olmstead, R.G.; Bremer, B. (2005). "Further disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae". Taxon 54 (2): 411–425. doi:10.2307/25065369. JSTOR 25065369.

[15] "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Myoporeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Cyrchwyd 2015-11-28.

[16] "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Scrophularieae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Cyrchwyd 2015-11-28.

[17] "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Scrophularieae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Cyrchwyd 2015-11-28.

[18] "Genera of Scrophulariaceae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Cyrchwyd 2015-11-28.

[19] Albach, D. C.; Meudt, H. M.; Oxelman, B. (2005). "Piecing together the "new" Plantaginaceae". American Journal of Botany 92 (2): 297–315. doi:10.3732/ajb.92.2.297. PMID 21652407. http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/92/2/297. Adalwyd 2018-06-27.

[20] "Lindernia All". A Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar. Missouri Botanical Garden and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle.

[21] Haston, E., Richardson, J. E., Stevens, P. F., Chase, M. W., Harris, D. J. (2007). "A linear sequence of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II families". Taxon 56 (1): 7–12. doi:10.2307/25065731.

[22] Nelson D. Young; Kim E. Steiner; Claude W. dePamphilis (Autumn 1999). "The Evolution of Parasitism in Scrophulariaceae/Orobanchaceae: Plastid Gene Sequences Refute an Evolutionary Transition Series". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 86 (4): 876–893. doi:10.2307/2666173. JSTOR 2666173.

[GRINExcluded-23] "GRIN genera sometimes placed in Scrophulariaceae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archifwyd o'r gwreiddiol ar 2015-09-24. Cyrchwyd 2011-10-17. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)

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Teulu'r gwrnerth

Scrophularia nodosa
Dosbarthiad gwyddonol
Teyrnas:	Plantae
Ddim wedi'i restru:	Angiosbermau
Ddim wedi'i restru:	Ewdicotau
Ddim wedi'i restru:	Asteridau
Urdd:	Lamiales
Teulu:	Scrophulariaceae Juss.
Genera
Gweler yr erthygl
Cyfystyron
Bontiaceae Horan. Buddlejaceae K.Wilh., nom. cons. Hebenstretiaceae Horan. Limosellaceae J.Agardh Myoporaceae R.Br., nom. cons. Oftiaceae Takht. & Reveal Selaginaceae Choisy, nom. cons. Spielmanniaceae J.Agardh, nom. illeg. Verbascaceae Bercht. & J.Presl^[1]