Irgwn

Corff parafilwrol Seionaidd a oedd yn gweithredu ym Mhalesteina dan Fandad rhwng 1931 a 1948 oedd yr Irgwn (Hebraeg: ארגון; teitl llawn: Hebraeg: הארגון הצבאי הלאומי בארץ ישראל HaIrgun HaTzvaʾi Ha-Leumi b-Eretz Israel, yn llyth. "Y Corff Milwrol Cenedlaethol yng Ngwlad Israel"), neu Etsel (Hebraeg: אצייל) (a dalfyrrir weithiau fel IZL). Roedd yn gangen o'r corff parafilwrol Iddewig hŷn a mwy, sef yr Haganah (Hebraeg: הגנה, Amddiffyniad).^[1] Mae'r Irgwn wedi cael ei ystyried yn gorff terfysgol neu'n gorff a gyflawnodd weithredoedd terfysgol. ^[2] ^[3] ^[4] ^[5]

Roedd polisi'r Irgwn yn seiliedig ar yr hyn a elwid bryd hynny yn Seioniaeth Ddiwygiadol a sefydlwyd gan Ze'ev Jabotinsky.^[6] Dau o'r ymgyrchoedd y mae'r Irgwn yn fwyaf adnabyddus amdanynt yw bomio Gwesty'r Brenin David yn Jerwsalem ar 22 Gorffennaf 1946 a chyflafan Deir Yassin a laddodd o leiaf 107 o bentrefwyr Arabaidd Palesteinaidd, gan gynnwys menywod a phlant, a gynhaliwyd ar y cyd â Lehi on 9 Ebrill 1948 fel rhan o'r ymgyrch i garthu Palesteina o'i phoblogaeth Arabaidd.

Cyflawnodd y corff weithredoedd terfysgol yn erbyn Arabiaid Palesteina, yn ogystal ag yn erbyn yr awdurdodau Prydeinig, a oedd yn cael eu hystyried gan yr Irgwn yn feddianwyr anghyfreithlon.^[7] Disgrifiwyd yr Irgwn yn gorff terfysgol yn benodol gan y Cenhedloedd Unedig a llywodraethau Prydain a'r Unol Daleithiau; mewn cyfryngau fel papur newydd The New York Times ;^[8] ^[9] yn ogystal â chan y Pwyllgor Ymchwilio Eingl-Americanaidd, ^[10] ^[11], Cyngres Seionaidd 1946 ^[12] a'r Asiantaeth Iddewig.^[13] Mewn llythyr at The New York Times ym 1948, cymharodd Albert Einstein yr Irgwn a’i olynydd gwleidyddol, Herut, â “phleidiau Natsïaidd a Ffasgaidd” a’i ddisgrifio fel “corff terfysgol, asgell dde, siofinistaidd”.^[14] Honnodd un o golofnwyr Ha'aretz a hanesydd Israel Tom Segev fod yr Irgwn wedi cysylltu â chynrychiolwyr yr Eidal Ffasgaidd, gan gynnig cydweithredu â hwy yn erbyn y Prydeinwyr.^[15] Bu Clare Hollingworth, gohebydd y Daily Telegraph a The Scotsman, yn Jerwsalem yn ystod 1948 ac ysgrifennodd sawl adroddiad di-flewyn-ar-dafod ar ôl treulio sawl wythnos yng Ngorllewin Jerwsalem gan gynnwys yr isod ar 2 Mehefin 1948:^[16]

“

Irgun is in fact rapidly becoming the 'SS' of the new state. There is also a strong 'Gestapo' – but no-one knows who is in it.

'The shopkeepers are afraid not so much of shells as of raids by Irgun Zvai Leumi and the Stern Gang. These young toughs, who are beyond whatever law there is have cleaned out most private houses of the richer classes & started to prey upon the shopkeepers.'

”

Ar ôl sefydlu Gwladwriaeth Israel yn ystod rhyfel Palestina 1948, dechreuodd yr Irgwn gael ei amsugno i Luoedd Amddiffyn Israel a oedd newydd eu creu. Cynyddodd y gwrthdaro rhwng yr Irgwn a'r IDF gan arwain at achos Altalena 1948, a daeth yr Irgwn i ben yn ffurfiol ar Ionawr 12, 1949. ^[18]

Bu'r Irgwn yn rhagflaenydd gwleidyddol i'r blaid adain dde Herut (neu "Rhyddid") Israel, a arweiniodd at blaid Likud heddiw. ^[19] Mae Likud wedi arwain neu wedi bod yn rhan o'r mwyafrif o lywodraethau Israel ers 1977.

Fe ddaeth arweinydd olaf yr Irgwn, Menachem Begin (1943-1948) yn brif Weinidog ar Israel (1977-1983).

Cyfeiriadau

↑ Jacob Shavit, Jabotinsky and the Revisionist Movement 1925–1948 p. 97 Routledge 1988 ISBN 978-0-7146-3325-1
↑ Dr. Yvonne Schmidt (May 2008). Foundations of Civil and Political Rights in Israel and the Occupied Territories. GRIN Verlag. t. 254. ISBN 978-3-638-94450-2. No 33 of 5708-1948 – 23 September 1948
↑ Bell, J. Bowyer (1979). Terror out of Zion : Irgun Zvai Leumi, LEHI, and the Palestine underground, 1929-1949. Dublin: Academy Press. ISBN 978-0-906187-11-1.
↑ Whittaker, David (2012). The Terrorism Reader (arg. 4th). Routledge. t. 29. ISBN 978-0415687317.
↑ Kushner, Harvey W. (2002). Encyclopedia of Terrorism. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. t. 181. ISBN 145226550X.
↑ Howard Sachar: A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time, pp. 265–266
↑ "Irgun Zvai Leumi | Jewish right-wing underground movement". Encyclopædia Britannica. Cyrchwyd 2016-01-02.
↑ Pope Brewer, Sam. Irgun Bomb Kills 11 Arabs, 2 Britons. New York Times. December 30, 1947.
↑ Irgun's Hand Seen in Alps Rail Blast. New York Times. August 16, 1947.
↑ W. Khalidi, 1971, 'From Haven to Conquest', p. 598
↑ Terry, Janice (2008). Encyclopedia of world history Vol 5 pg 20. Infobase Publishing.
↑ "Jewish Terrorism and Jewish Resistance". The Jewish Plan for Palestine—Memoranda and Statements presented by The Jewish Agency for Palestine to the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine. The Jewish Agency for Palestine, Jerusalem. 1947. tt. 20–26.
↑ "Major Political Developments". The Jewish Plan for Palestine—Memoranda and Statements presented by The Jewish Agency for Palestine to the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine. The Jewish Agency for Palestine, Jerusalem. 1947. t. 32.
↑ Einstein, Albert (2007). Rowe, David E. (gol.). Einstein on Politics: His Private Thoughts and Public Stands on Nationalism, Zionism, War, Peace, and the Bomb. Princeton University Press. t. 350. ISBN 9780691120942.
↑ Tom Segev, Haim Watzman. The Seventh Million. t. 33.
↑ Green, Stephen (1984). Taking sides – America's secret relations with a militant Israel 1948/1967. London: Faber and Faber. t. 49.
↑ See also Pauline Rose 'The Siege of Jerusalem', Patmos Publishers, London. Introduction dated June, 1949. "The dark places in Israel are being swept clean. The prison house where my friends and I had been tortured – where women had been shot without trial – is no longer a prison house".[note plural]
↑ Morris, Benny (2008). 1948: The First Arab-Israeli War. New Haven: Yale University Press,. tt. 269–271. ISBN 978-0-300-12696-9 Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help). no-break space character in |isbn= at position 1 (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
↑ Eisenstadt, S.N. (1985). The Transformation of Israeli Society. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. tt. 173–174. ISBN 0-297-78423-4. One of the main developments in the initial period of the State was the growth of the Herut party.... It developed from the older Revisionist groups, the 'terrorist' groups of the Irgun Zvai Leumi and members of the Revisionist party ... in 1965 Herut founded, together with the great part of the Liberals, a parliamentary bloc ... in 1973, with the addition of other small groups, it became transformed into Likud

Dolenni allanol

Fideo am fomio gwesty King David, Jerwsalem, gan yr Irgwn

Fideo am gyflafan Deir Yassin

[1] Jacob Shavit, Jabotinsky and the Revisionist Movement 1925–1948 p. 97 Routledge 1988 ISBN 978-0-7146-3325-1

[SshmidtFCPRIOT-2] Dr. Yvonne Schmidt (May 2008). Foundations of Civil and Political Rights in Israel and the Occupied Territories. GRIN Verlag. t. 254. ISBN 978-3-638-94450-2. No 33 of 5708-1948 – 23 September 1948

[3] Bell, J. Bowyer (1979). Terror out of Zion : Irgun Zvai Leumi, LEHI, and the Palestine underground, 1929-1949. Dublin: Academy Press. ISBN 978-0-906187-11-1.

[4] Whittaker, David (2012). The Terrorism Reader (arg. 4th). Routledge. t. 29. ISBN 978-0415687317.

[5] Kushner, Harvey W. (2002). Encyclopedia of Terrorism. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. t. 181. ISBN 145226550X.

[6] Howard Sachar: A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time, pp. 265–266

[7] "Irgun Zvai Leumi | Jewish right-wing underground movement". Encyclopædia Britannica. Cyrchwyd 2016-01-02.

[select.nytimes.com-8] Pope Brewer, Sam. Irgun Bomb Kills 11 Arabs, 2 Britons. New York Times. December 30, 1947.

[FA0E16F93D55147B93C4A81783D85F438485F9_1947-9] Irgun's Hand Seen in Alps Rail Blast. New York Times. August 16, 1947.

[10] W. Khalidi, 1971, 'From Haven to Conquest', p. 598

[11] Terry, Janice (2008). Encyclopedia of world history Vol 5 pg 20. Infobase Publishing.

[12] "Jewish Terrorism and Jewish Resistance". The Jewish Plan for Palestine—Memoranda and Statements presented by The Jewish Agency for Palestine to the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine. The Jewish Agency for Palestine, Jerusalem. 1947. tt. 20–26.

[13] "Major Political Developments". The Jewish Plan for Palestine—Memoranda and Statements presented by The Jewish Agency for Palestine to the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine. The Jewish Agency for Palestine, Jerusalem. 1947. t. 32.

[einstein-14] Einstein, Albert (2007). Rowe, David E. (gol.). Einstein on Politics: His Private Thoughts and Public Stands on Nationalism, Zionism, War, Peace, and the Bomb. Princeton University Press. t. 350. ISBN 9780691120942.

[segev-15] Tom Segev, Haim Watzman. The Seventh Million. t. 33.

[16] Green, Stephen (1984). Taking sides – America's secret relations with a militant Israel 1948/1967. London: Faber and Faber. t. 49.

[17] See also Pauline Rose 'The Siege of Jerusalem', Patmos Publishers, London. Introduction dated June, 1949. "The dark places in Israel are being swept clean. The prison house where my friends and I had been tortured – where women had been shot without trial – is no longer a prison house".[note plural]

[18] Morris, Benny (2008). 1948: The First Arab-Israeli War. New Haven: Yale University Press,. tt. 269–271. ISBN 978-0-300-12696-9 Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help). no-break space character in |isbn= at position 1 (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)

[19] Eisenstadt, S.N. (1985). The Transformation of Israeli Society. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. tt. 173–174. ISBN 0-297-78423-4. One of the main developments in the initial period of the State was the growth of the Herut party.... It developed from the older Revisionist groups, the 'terrorist' groups of the Irgun Zvai Leumi and members of the Revisionist party ... in 1965 Herut founded, together with the great part of the Liberals, a parliamentary bloc ... in 1973, with the addition of other small groups, it became transformed into Likud

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[18]

[19]