Anffyddiaeth

Anffyddiaeth
Enghraifft o'r canlynol	barn y byd, mudiad athronyddol, doxastic attitude
Math	Anghrefydd
Y gwrthwyneb	theistiaeth
Yn cynnwys	Marxist‒Leninist atheism, New Atheism
	Ffeiliau perthnasol ar Gomin Wicimedia

Anffyddiaeth yw, mewn ystyr eang, gwrthod y gred mewn bodolaeth Duw, duwiau, neu dduwiesau.^[1] Mewn ystyr culach, safbwynt anffyddiaeth ydy nad oes dim duw neu dduwies.^[2]^[3] Yn y bôn, anffyddiaeth yw'r absenoldeb o gredu mewn bodolaeth unrhyw dduwdod.^[3]^[4] Cyferbynnir anffyddiaeth â theistiaeth,^[5]^[6] sy'n honni bod un duwdod o leiaf sy'n bodoli.^[6]^[7]

Daw'r term gwreiddiol o'r gair Groeg "ἄθεος" (atheos), sy'n golygu "heb dduw". Rhoddwyd yr enw hwn ar bobl, ynghyd â chynodiad negyddol, oedd yn gwrthod y duwiau a addolwyd gan y gymdeithas/gymuned leol. Wrth i rydd-feddyliaeth ledaenu, ynghyd ag amheuaeth wyddonol a chynnydd dilynol mewn beirniadu crefydd, culhaodd defnydd o'r gair yn ei ystyr. Dechreuodd bobl i adnabod eu hunain yn "anffyddwyr" yn ystod y 18eg ganrif.^[8]

Fel arfer, mae anffyddwyr yn amheus o honiadau goruwchnaturiol, gan ddyfynnu diffyg tystiolaeth empirig. Mae anffyddwyr wedi cynnig llawer o resymau am beidio â chredu mewn unrhyw dduw neu dduwies, sy'n cynnwys y problem o ddrwg, y ddadl o ddatguddiadau anghyson, a'r ddadl o anghrefydd. Mae ymresymiadau ar gyfer anffyddiaeth yn cynnwys y rhai athronyddol, cymdeithasol, a hanesyddol. Er bod ambell i anffyddiwr wedi mabwysiadu athroniaethau seciwlar,^[9]^[10] nid oes un ideoleg neu set o ymddygiadau a gânt eu gorfodi ar anffyddwyr.^[11]

Cyfystyron

Anffyddiaeth, fel mae'r gair yn awgrymu, yw absenoldeb ffydd. Yn gyffredinol, gellir disgrifio ffydd fel ymddiriedaeth heb dystiolaeth. Yn y cyd-destun hwn, ffydd yw'r gred mewn athrawiaeth grefyddol. Ystyr anffyddiaeth felly, yw absenoldeb cred mewn athrawiaeth grefyddol.
Annuwiaeth yw absenoldeb cred mewn Duw neu duwiau. Mae hwn yn gyfartal a'r gair Saesneg atheism.
Atheistiaeth (o'r Groeg a + theos = nid duw). Mae atheistiaeth ac annuwiaeth yn golygu'r un peth felly.
Anghrediniaeth yw absenoldeb crediniaeth. Fe fydd hwn yn cyfeirio yn bennaf at absenoldeb cred yn y grefydd Gristnogol.

Bwdhaeth

Prif: Bwdhaeth

Er bod Bwdhaeth yn ei ffurf glasurol yn grefydd heb dduw fel y cyfryw, mae e'n cael ei ystyried gan rai fel math o agnosticiaeth. Fe fydd yr anffyddiwr arferol yn prin gredu mewn unrhyw beth ysbrydol neu oruwchnaturiol. Er hynny, fe fydd rhai, yn enwedig ymhlith yr Hindŵiaid a'r Mwslimiaid, yn ystyried Bwdhaeth yn ffurf ar anffyddiaeth.

Anffyddiwr cryf

Anffyddiwr cryf yw rhywun sy wedi penderfynu bod bodolaeth Duw neu duwiau yn anrhesymol. Mae anffyddiwr cryf yn ddiysgog bod dim Duw na duwiau, a ni allent fodoli.

Anffyddiwr gwan

Dywedir bod un sydd erioed wedi meddwl llawer am fodolaeth Duw na duwiau yn anffyddiwr gwan. Byddai rhai yn ymresymu hefyd fod plentyn newyddanedig sydd heb gael awgrym o ddwyfoldeb yn anffyddiwr gwan. Er hynny, mae yna gred gyfochrog fod crefydd yn gynhenid i natur dyn.

Anffyddiwr difater

Anffyddiwr difater yw rhywun sy’n malio dim os ydy Duw yn bodoli neu beidio. Fe fydd anffyddiwr difater yn gweithredu felly, fel petai dim Duw ac mae’n debyg eu bod wedi cael llawer o helynt yn y gorffennol am beidio cydymffurfio.

Safbwynt anffyddiwr

Safbwynt anffyddiwr yw, bod y cyfanfyd yn esboniadwy mewn termau naturyddol a gwyddonol, a bod Duw neu duwiau yn amhosibl.

Mae’r anffyddiwr yn gweld crefydd fel dim ond ofergoeliaeth, ac felly yn dueddol i fod yn oddefgar at bob crefydd heb ragfarn. Ar y llaw arall, fe fydd yr anffyddiwr yn casáu'r math o ffwndamentaliaeth sy'n dilyn ar ffugwyddoniaeth neu wrthddeallaeth, a hefyd yn brawychu dros y rhai sy’n rhyfela a lladd yn enw eu duwiau. Mae'r rhan fwyaf o anffyddwyr yn ddyneiddwyr hefyd.

Nodiadau

↑
- Nielsen, Kai (2011). "Atheism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Cyrchwyd 2011-12-06. Instead of saying that an atheist is someone who believes that it is false or probably false that there is a God, a more adequate characterization of atheism consists in the more complex claim that to be an atheist is to be someone who rejects belief in God for the following reasons...: for an anthropomorphic God, the atheist rejects belief in God because it is false or probably false that there is a God; for a nonanthropomorphic God... because the concept of such a God is either meaningless, unintelligible, contradictory, incomprehensible, or incoherent; for the God portrayed by some modern or contemporary theologians or philosophers... because the concept of God in question is such that it merely masks an atheistic substance—e.g., “God” is just another name for love, or ... a symbolic term for moral ideals.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Edwards, Paul (2005) [1967]. "Atheism". In Donald M. Borchert (gol.). The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Cyf. 1 (arg. Ail). MacMillan Reference USA (Gale). t. 359. ISBN 9780028657806. On our definition, an 'atheist' is a person who rejects belief in God, regardless of whether or not his reason for the rejection is the claim that 'God exists' expresses a false proposition. People frequently adopt an attitude of rejection toward a position for reasons other than that it is a false proposition. It is common among contemporary philosophers, and indeed it was not uncommon in earlier centuries, to reject positions on the ground that they are meaningless. Sometimes, too, a theory is rejected on such grounds as that it is sterile or redundant or capricious, and there are many other considerations which in certain contexts are generally agreed to constitute good grounds for rejecting an assertion.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)(tudalen 175 yn yr argraffiad 1967)
↑ Rowe, William L. (1998). "Atheism". In Edward Craig (gol.). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Taylor a Francis. ISBN 9780415073103. Cyrchwyd 2011-04-09. As commonly understood, atheism is the position that affirms the nonexistence of God. So an atheist is someone who disbelieves in God, whereas a theist is someone who believes in God. Another meaning of "atheism" is simply nonbelief in the existence of God, rather than positive belief in the nonexistence of God. ...an atheist, in the broader sense of the term, is someone who disbelieves in every form of deity, not just the God of traditional Western theology.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Simon Blackburn, gol. (2008). "atheism". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy (arg. 2008). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cyrchwyd 2011-12-05. Either the lack of belief that there exists a god, or the belief that there exists none. Sometimes thought itself to be more dogmatic than mere agnosticism, although atheists retort that everyone is an atheist about most gods, so they merely advance one step further.
↑
Mae erthygl fer Religioustolerance.org ar ddiffinio'r term "Atheism" Archifwyd 2020-01-02 yn y Peiriant Wayback yn argymell fod dim consensws ar ddiffiniad y term. Mae llawer o eiriaduron (gweler ymholiad OneLook ar gyfer "atheism") yn cofnodi'r diffiniad cul yn gyntaf.
- Runes, Dagobert D.(golygydd) (Argraffiad 1942). Dictionary of Philosophy. New Jersey: Littlefield, Adams a Co. Philosophical Library. ISBN 0-06-463461-2. URL
“(a) the belief that there is no God; (b) Some philosophers have been called "atheistic" because they have not held to a belief in a personal God. Atheism in this sense means "not theistic". The former meaning of the term is a literal rendering. The latter meaning is a less rigorous use of the term though widely current in the history of thought” – cofnod gan Vergilius Ferm
↑ Definitions: Atheism. Department of Religious Studies, University of Alabama.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 (1989) Oxford English Dictionary, Ail “Belief in a deity, or deities, as opposed to atheism”
↑ Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. "belief in the existence of a god or gods"
↑ (1999) A History of God. London: Vintage. ISBN 0-09-927367-5
↑ Honderich, Ted (Ed.) (1995). "Humanism". The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press. t 376. ISBN 0-19-866132-0.
↑ Fales, Evan. "Naturalism and Physicalism", yn Martin 2007, tt. 122–131
↑ Baggini 2003, tt. 3–4.

Cyfeiriadau

Baggini, Julian (2003). Atheism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280424-3

Martin, Michael (2007). The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-60367-6. URL

Smith, George H. (1979). Atheism: The Case Against God. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus. ISBN 0-87975-124-X

Zdybicka, Zofia J. (2005). Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy. URL

[Nielsen-EB-1] 
Nielsen, Kai (2011). "Atheism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Cyrchwyd 2011-12-06. Instead of saying that an atheist is someone who believes that it is false or probably false that there is a God, a more adequate characterization of atheism consists in the more complex claim that to be an atheist is to be someone who rejects belief in God for the following reasons...: for an anthropomorphic God, the atheist rejects belief in God because it is false or probably false that there is a God; for a nonanthropomorphic God... because the concept of such a God is either meaningless, unintelligible, contradictory, incomprehensible, or incoherent; for the God portrayed by some modern or contemporary theologians or philosophers... because the concept of God in question is such that it merely masks an atheistic substance—e.g., “God” is just another name for love, or ... a symbolic term for moral ideals.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Edwards, Paul (2005) [1967]. "Atheism". In Donald M. Borchert (gol.). The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Cyf. 1 (arg. Ail). MacMillan Reference USA (Gale). t. 359. ISBN 9780028657806. On our definition, an 'atheist' is a person who rejects belief in God, regardless of whether or not his reason for the rejection is the claim that 'God exists' expresses a false proposition. People frequently adopt an attitude of rejection toward a position for reasons other than that it is a false proposition. It is common among contemporary philosophers, and indeed it was not uncommon in earlier centuries, to reject positions on the ground that they are meaningless. Sometimes, too, a theory is rejected on such grounds as that it is sterile or redundant or capricious, and there are many other considerations which in certain contexts are generally agreed to constitute good grounds for rejecting an assertion.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)(tudalen 175 yn yr argraffiad 1967)

[2] Nielsen, Kai (2011). "Atheism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Cyrchwyd 2011-12-06. Instead of saying that an atheist is someone who believes that it is false or probably false that there is a God, a more adequate characterization of atheism consists in the more complex claim that to be an atheist is to be someone who rejects belief in God for the following reasons...: for an anthropomorphic God, the atheist rejects belief in God because it is false or probably false that there is a God; for a nonanthropomorphic God... because the concept of such a God is either meaningless, unintelligible, contradictory, incomprehensible, or incoherent; for the God portrayed by some modern or contemporary theologians or philosophers... because the concept of God in question is such that it merely masks an atheistic substance—e.g., “God” is just another name for love, or ... a symbolic term for moral ideals.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

[3] Edwards, Paul (2005) [1967]. "Atheism". In Donald M. Borchert (gol.). The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Cyf. 1 (arg. Ail). MacMillan Reference USA (Gale). t. 359. ISBN 9780028657806. On our definition, an 'atheist' is a person who rejects belief in God, regardless of whether or not his reason for the rejection is the claim that 'God exists' expresses a false proposition. People frequently adopt an attitude of rejection toward a position for reasons other than that it is a false proposition. It is common among contemporary philosophers, and indeed it was not uncommon in earlier centuries, to reject positions on the ground that they are meaningless. Sometimes, too, a theory is rejected on such grounds as that it is sterile or redundant or capricious, and there are many other considerations which in certain contexts are generally agreed to constitute good grounds for rejecting an assertion.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)(tudalen 175 yn yr argraffiad 1967)

[RoweRoutledge-2] Rowe, William L. (1998). "Atheism". In Edward Craig (gol.). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Taylor a Francis. ISBN 9780415073103. Cyrchwyd 2011-04-09. As commonly understood, atheism is the position that affirms the nonexistence of God. So an atheist is someone who disbelieves in God, whereas a theist is someone who believes in God. Another meaning of "atheism" is simply nonbelief in the existence of God, rather than positive belief in the nonexistence of God. ...an atheist, in the broader sense of the term, is someone who disbelieves in every form of deity, not just the God of traditional Western theology.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

[oxdicphil-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Simon Blackburn, gol. (2008). "atheism". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy (arg. 2008). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cyrchwyd 2011-12-05. Either the lack of belief that there exists a god, or the belief that there exists none. Sometimes thought itself to be more dogmatic than mere agnosticism, although atheists retort that everyone is an atheist about most gods, so they merely advance one step further.

[religioustolerance-4] Mae erthygl fer Religioustolerance.org ar ddiffinio'r term "Atheism" Archifwyd 2020-01-02 yn y Peiriant Wayback yn argymell fod dim consensws ar ddiffiniad y term. Mae llawer o eiriaduron (gweler ymholiad OneLook ar gyfer "atheism") yn cofnodi'r diffiniad cul yn gyntaf.
Runes, Dagobert D.(golygydd) (Argraffiad 1942). Dictionary of Philosophy. New Jersey: Littlefield, Adams a Co. Philosophical Library. ISBN 0-06-463461-2. URL
“(a) the belief that there is no God; (b) Some philosophers have been called "atheistic" because they have not held to a belief in a personal God. Atheism in this sense means "not theistic". The former meaning of the term is a literal rendering. The latter meaning is a less rigorous use of the term though widely current in the history of thought” – cofnod gan Vergilius Ferm

[7] Runes, Dagobert D.(golygydd) (Argraffiad 1942). Dictionary of Philosophy. New Jersey: Littlefield, Adams a Co. Philosophical Library. ISBN 0-06-463461-2. URL

[reldef-5] Definitions: Atheism. Department of Religious Studies, University of Alabama.

[OED-theism-6] 6.0 ^6.1 (1989) Oxford English Dictionary, Ail “Belief in a deity, or deities, as opposed to atheism”

[7] Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. "belief in the existence of a god or gods"

[KArmstrong-8] (1999) A History of God. London: Vintage. ISBN 0-09-927367-5

[honderich-9] Honderich, Ted (Ed.) (1995). "Humanism". The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press. t 376. ISBN 0-19-866132-0.

[10] Fales, Evan. "Naturalism and Physicalism", yn Martin 2007, tt. 122–131

[11] Baggini 2003, tt. 3–4.

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