Matatu

Mae'r Matatu yn ffordd boblogaidd a rhad o deithio ymysg pobl Cenia, Wganda a gwledydd dwyrain Affrica. Mae'r matatu yn fws mini preifat sy'n gweithredu fel tacsi ond gall gasglu pobl ychwanegol ar hyd y daith. Cellir hefyd cael pick-up trucks neu ceir estate er bod rheini ddim mor gyffredin bellach.^[1]^[2]

Yn aml caiff y matatu eu harddurno'n lliwgar gyda phortreadau o enwogion neu ddywediadau.^[3]^[4] Byddant hefyd yn chwarae miwisig er mwyn denu cwsmeriaid.^[5]

Mae gwreiddiau'r Matatu yn deillio nôl i'r 1960au a tyfodd eu niferoedd yn sylweddol yn Cenia yn yr 1980au a 90au. Erbyn y 2000au roedd y matatu lliwgar, fel arfer microvan Siapaneëeg yn gyffredin iawn.

Trefniant

Mae'r matatu yn crynhoi mewn un arhosaf neu derfynell lle byddant yn cychwyn a gorffen eu taith. Mae gan y matatu lwybr benodedig (fel llwybr bws yng Nghymru). Yn ogystal â'r gyrrwr, bydd gan y mutatu tocynnwr ('conductor') i gasglu arian a denu cwsmeriaid. Gelwir nhw yn makanga or manamba.^[6]

Niferoedd

Tyfodd y matatu oherwydd diffyg trafnidiaeth gyhoeddus. Yn 2014 roedd mwy na 20,000 mutatu yn Nairobi, prifddinas Cenia. Credir efallai bod hynny hanner nifer y matatu ddegawd yn gynt.^[7]

Etymoleg

Matatu yn Cenia. Matatu yw 'tri' yn yr iaith Swahili

Daw'r gair 'matatu' o'r Swahili llafar am y rhif 'tri'.^[8]^[9] Un esboniad yw fod y cerbyd 'station wagon' a ddefnyddiwyd yn wreiddiol fel matatu^[10] am fod tair rhes o seddi i'r cerbyd. Dywed eraill fod y 'tri' gan mai tair ceiniog oedd prif arferol taith yn yr 1960au.^[8]^[11]

Dywed eraill bod y gair yn dod o'r iaith Gikuyu, un o ieithoedd frodorol Cenia.^[12]

Barn Gyhoeddus

Mae'r matatu yn cael eu cysylltu o bryd i'w gilydd gydag elfennau tor-cyfraith a gyrru gwyllt. Meddai un academydd, "by the end of the 1990s, matatu operators were typically viewed... by Kenyans of all ranks as thugs who exploited and mistreated passengers and participated in gang or mafia-like violence."

Gweler hefyd

Ceir fersiynau lleol eraill o'r Matatu mewn rhannau eraill o Affrica:

dala dala Tanzania
tro-tro Ghana

Cyfeiriadau

↑ For Kenya and neighbouring nations, see Kenya's Taxi Vans Are Packed and Perilous nytimes.com, 24 Ebrill 1988
↑
*For private ownership, see In Nairobi, Kenya puts brakes on its runaway success csmonitor.com, 28 Mehefin 1999
- For matatu as minibuses, see Kenya (page 383) Tom Parkinson, Max Phillips, Will Gourlay. Lonely Planet, 2006. 416 pages. 1740597435, 9781740597432. (Google Books)
- For past use of pick-up trucks, see Have You Ever Taken A Matatu? Archifwyd 2020-10-16 yn y Peiriant Wayback glpinc.org. and "Field notes: a matatu, a bike and a walk" Schatz, Enid. Contexts Vol. 2, No. 3 (Summer 2003), pp. 58-59
- For past use of estate cars, see Muyia, Nafukho. "The Forgonen Workers" (PDF). Social Science Research Report Series, no. 18. Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa. t. 7. Archifwyd o'r gwreiddiol (PDF) ar 2014-02-22. Cyrchwyd 25 Medi 2012.
↑ For portraits, see Nairobi Today: the Paradox of a Fragmented City; Hidden $ Centz: Rolling the Wheels of Nairobi Matatu. Mbugua wa-Mungai. (page 376) edited by Helene Charton-Bigot, Deyssi Rodriguez-Torres. African Books Collective, 2010. 404 pages. 9987080936, 9789987080939. (Google Books)
↑
- For slogans and sayings, see Roll over Snoop Dogg, Ocampo is new king of the matatu csmonitor.com, 29 January 2010
↑ DJ Edu (21 Chwefror 2015). "The buses you choose because of their music". Radio 1Xtra. BBC. Cyrchwyd 1 March 2015.
↑ Nairobi Today: the Paradox of a Fragmented City; Hidden $ Centz: Rolling the Wheels of Nairobi Matatu. Mbugua wa-Mungai. (page 371) edited by Helene Charton-Bigot, Deyssi Rodriguez-Torres. African Books Collective, 2010. 404 pages. 9987080936, 9789987080939. (Google Books)
↑ group=note>A 2005 source states, "the matatu industry was estimated in 1993 to employ 80,000 people directly countrywide." As one taxi can be staffed by both a driver and a conductor, this indicates around 40,000 matatu were in operation in 1993. (A City under Siege: Banditry & Modes of Accumulation in Nairobi, 1991-2004. Musambayi Katumanga. Review of African Political Economy 32:106, Africa from SAPs to PRSP: Plus Ca Change Plus C'est la Meme Chose (Rhagfyr 2005), pp. 513)
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Thugs or Entrepreneurs? Perceptions of matatu Operators in Nairobi, 1970 to the Present. Kenda Mutongi. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 76:4 (2006), t. 550
↑ Edward Harris. "Matatu buses add color, entertainment to Kenya's rutted roads." Sunday Gazette-Mail. Gazette Daily Inc. 2007. HighBeam Research. 13 Jun. 2015
↑ Muyia, Nafukho. "The Forgonen Workers" (PDF). Social Science Research Report Series, no. 18. Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa. t. 7. Archifwyd o'r gwreiddiol (PDF) ar 2014-02-22. Cyrchwyd 25 September 2012.
↑ McKinley Jr., James C. (16 Ebrill 1996). "Nairobi Journal; Take (On) the Minibuses, if You Dare". The New York TImes. New York Times. Cyrchwyd 7 Mehefin 2015.
↑ Otani, Robert. "Menace of Deadly Matatus to Be Curbed." African Business. IC Publications Ltd. 1999. HighBeam Research. 6 Mehefin 2015

[1] For Kenya and neighbouring nations, see Kenya's Taxi Vans Are Packed and Perilous nytimes.com, 24 Ebrill 1988

[2] *For private ownership, see In Nairobi, Kenya puts brakes on its runaway success csmonitor.com, 28 Mehefin 1999
For matatu as minibuses, see Kenya (page 383) Tom Parkinson, Max Phillips, Will Gourlay. Lonely Planet, 2006. 416 pages. 1740597435, 9781740597432. (Google Books)

For past use of pick-up trucks, see Have You Ever Taken A Matatu? Archifwyd 2020-10-16 yn y Peiriant Wayback glpinc.org. and "Field notes: a matatu, a bike and a walk" Schatz, Enid. Contexts Vol. 2, No. 3 (Summer 2003), pp. 58-59

For past use of estate cars, see Muyia, Nafukho. "The Forgonen Workers" (PDF). Social Science Research Report Series, no. 18. Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa. t. 7. Archifwyd o'r gwreiddiol (PDF) ar 2014-02-22. Cyrchwyd 25 Medi 2012.

[3] For matatu as minibuses, see Kenya (page 383) Tom Parkinson, Max Phillips, Will Gourlay. Lonely Planet, 2006. 416 pages. 1740597435, 9781740597432. (Google Books)

[4] For past use of pick-up trucks, see Have You Ever Taken A Matatu? Archifwyd 2020-10-16 yn y Peiriant Wayback glpinc.org. and "Field notes: a matatu, a bike and a walk" Schatz, Enid. Contexts Vol. 2, No. 3 (Summer 2003), pp. 58-59

[5] For past use of estate cars, see Muyia, Nafukho. "The Forgonen Workers" (PDF). Social Science Research Report Series, no. 18. Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa. t. 7. Archifwyd o'r gwreiddiol (PDF) ar 2014-02-22. Cyrchwyd 25 Medi 2012.

[3] For portraits, see Nairobi Today: the Paradox of a Fragmented City; Hidden $ Centz: Rolling the Wheels of Nairobi Matatu. Mbugua wa-Mungai. (page 376) edited by Helene Charton-Bigot, Deyssi Rodriguez-Torres. African Books Collective, 2010. 404 pages. 9987080936, 9789987080939. (Google Books)

[4] 
For slogans and sayings, see Roll over Snoop Dogg, Ocampo is new king of the matatu csmonitor.com, 29 January 2010

[8] For slogans and sayings, see Roll over Snoop Dogg, Ocampo is new king of the matatu csmonitor.com, 29 January 2010

[5] DJ Edu (21 Chwefror 2015). "The buses you choose because of their music". Radio 1Xtra. BBC. Cyrchwyd 1 March 2015.

[6] Nairobi Today: the Paradox of a Fragmented City; Hidden $ Centz: Rolling the Wheels of Nairobi Matatu. Mbugua wa-Mungai. (page 371) edited by Helene Charton-Bigot, Deyssi Rodriguez-Torres. African Books Collective, 2010. 404 pages. 9987080936, 9789987080939. (Google Books)

[7] roup=note>A 2005 source states, "the matatu industry was estimated in 1993 to employ 80,000 people directly countrywide." As one taxi can be staffed by both a driver and a conductor, this indicates around 40,000 matatu were in operation in 1993. (A City under Siege: Banditry & Modes of Accumulation in Nairobi, 1991-2004. Musambayi Katumanga. Review of African Political Economy 32:106, Africa from SAPs to PRSP: Plus Ca Change Plus C'est la Meme Chose (Rhagfyr 2005), pp. 513)

[thugs-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Thugs or Entrepreneurs? Perceptions of matatu Operators in Nairobi, 1970 to the Present. Kenda Mutongi. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 76:4 (2006), t. 550

[9] Edward Harris. "Matatu buses add color, entertainment to Kenya's rutted roads." Sunday Gazette-Mail. Gazette Daily Inc. 2007. HighBeam Research. 13 Jun. 2015

[10] Muyia, Nafukho. "The Forgonen Workers" (PDF). Social Science Research Report Series, no. 18. Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa. t. 7. Archifwyd o'r gwreiddiol (PDF) ar 2014-02-22. Cyrchwyd 25 September 2012.

[11] McKinley Jr., James C. (16 Ebrill 1996). "Nairobi Journal; Take (On) the Minibuses, if You Dare". The New York TImes. New York Times. Cyrchwyd 7 Mehefin 2015.

[Otani-12] Otani, Robert. "Menace of Deadly Matatus to Be Curbed." African Business. IC Publications Ltd. 1999. HighBeam Research. 6 Mehefin 2015

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