Mytholeg Proto-Indo-Ewropeaidd

Mytholeg Broto-Indo-Ewropeaidd yw'r corff o fythau a duwiau sy'n gysylltiedig â'r Proto-Indo-Ewropeaid, siaradwyr y Broto-Indo-Ewropëeg ddamcaniaethol. Er nad yw'r motiffau mytholegol wedi’u hardystio’n uniongyrchol – gan yr oedd siaradwyr Proto-Indo-Ewropëeg yn byw mewn cymdeithasau rhaglythrennol – mae ysgolheigion mytholeg gymharol wedi ail-greu manylion o debygrwydd etifeddol mewn cysyniadau mytholegol a geir mewn ieithoedd Indo-Ewropeaidd, yn seiliedig ar y dybiaeth bod rhannau systemau cred gwreiddiol y Proto-Indo-Ewropeaid wedi goroesi mewn traddodiadau tebyg.

Cerbyd haul Trundholm, Oes yr Efydd Nordig, t. 1600 CC

Mae'r pantheon Proto-Indo-Ewropeaidd yn cynnwys nifer o dduwiau a duwiesau a ail-grëwyd yn gadarn, gan eu bod ill dau yn gytras — ieithoedd sy'n tarddu o'r un iaith — ac yn gysylltiedig â nodweddion tebyg a chorff o chwedlau, megis *Dyēus, duw awyr golau dydd; ei gymar, *Dʰéǵʰōm, y fam ddaear; ei ferch, *H₂éwsōs, duwies y wawr; ei feibion, yr Efeilliaid Dwyfol ; a *Seh₂ul a *Meh₁not, duw'r haul a duwies y lleuad, yn y drefn honno. Sonnir am rai duwiau, fel y duw tywydd *Perkʷūnos neu dduw'r bugeilio *Péh₂usōn, dim ond mewn nifer cyfyngedig o draddodiadau — y Gorllewin (h.y., Ewropeaidd) a Groegaidd-Ariaidd, yn y drefn honno — a gallai felly gynrychioli ychwanegiadau hwyr nad oedd yn ymledu ar draws y gwahanol dafodieithoedd Indo-Ewropeaidd.

Pantheon

Mae ieithyddion wedi ail-greu enwau rhai duwiau yn y Broto-Indo-Ewropëeg o sawl math o ffynonellau. Mae rhai o enwau'r duwiau arfaethedig yn fwy parod i'w derbyn ymhlith ysgolheigion nag eraill. Yn ôl yr ieithegydd Martin L. West, "y duwiau amlycaf yw'r duwiau cosmig ac elfennol: yr Awyr-dduw, ei bartner Daear, a'i efeilliaid; yr Haul, y Forwyn Haul, a'r Wawr; duwiau storm, y gwynt, y dŵr, y tân; a phresenoldeb daearol fel yr Afonydd, nymffau ffynhonnau a choedwigoedd, a duw'r gwyllt sy'n gwarchod y ffyrdd a'r gyrroedd."

Achau

Dyma'r achau fwyaf sicr a ail-grewyd o'r duwiau Proto-Indo-Ewropeaidd fel a ganlyn:

*Dyēus Awyr Golau Dydd

*Dʰéǵʰōm y Ddaer

Y Gefeilliaid Dwyfol

Y Forwyn Haul

*H₂éwsōs y Wawr

Gweler hefyd

• Interpretatio graeca, y gymhariaeth o dduwiau Groegaidd i dduwiau Germanaidd, Rhufeinig, a Cheltaidd
• Crefydd Neolithig
• Cymdeithas Broto-Indo-Ewropeaidd

Cyfeiriadau

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Darllen pellach

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Ynghylch duwiau'r storm ac ymladd dreigiau;

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Ynghylch motif y "tân yn y dyfroedd"

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Ynghylch y gwarcheidwad ci

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Ynghylch addoli tân

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Themâu eraill

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Dolenni allanol

• Cyfryngau perthnasol Mytholeg Proto-Indo-Ewropeaidd ar Gomin Wicimedia