Ioga modern fel ymarfer corff
Mae ioga modern fel ymarfer corff yn weithgaredd corfforol diweddar sy'n cynnwys gwahanol asanas, neu ddilyniannau o asanas (Vinyāsa), ymarferion anadlu, ac ymlacio drwy orwedd neu fyfyrio. Mae ioga o'r math hwn (a elwir, fel arfer yn ioga modern) wedi dod yn gyfarwydd ledled y byd, yn enwedig yn Unol Daleithiau America ac Ewrop. Mae'n deillio o ioga haṭha canoloesol, Indiaidd, a ddefnyddiai asanas tebyg. Mae academyddion wedi rhoi amryw o enwau i ioga fel ymarfer corff, gan gynnwys ioga osgo modern (modern postural yoga)[1] ac ioga angloffon trawswladol.[2]
Cymuned Yoga 4 Love; UDA (2010) | |
Enghraifft o'r canlynol | ymarfer, ymarfer corff |
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Math | ioga |
Ffeiliau perthnasol ar Gomin Wicimedia |
Disgrifir osgo'r corff (asana) yn Swtrâu Ioga Patanjali II.29 fel y drydedd o'r wyth cangen o ioga: yr ashtanga. Mae Sutra II.46 yn ei ddiffinio fel yr hyn sy'n gyson ac yn gyfforddus, ond ni ymhelaethir ymhellach na rhestr o asanas myfyriol.
Hanes
golyguTarddiad yoga
golyguMae'r enw Sansgrit ioga, sy'n gytras â'r Cymraeg "iau", yn deillio o'r gwreiddyn yuj "atodi, uno, harneisio, iau".[3] Ei nod ysbrydol ac athronyddol hynafol oedd uno'r ysbryd dynol â'r dwyfol. Y gangen o ioga sy'n defnyddio ystum corfforol yw ioga haṭha.[4][5] Mae'r gair Sansgrit हठ haṭha yn golygu "grym", gan gyfeirio at ei ddefnydd o dechnegau corfforol.[4]
Dylanwadau cynnar
golyguYn ôl un ddamcaniaeth, daeth y system addysg gorfforol a arferid yng Nghymdeithas Gristnogol Dynion Ifanc (yr YMCA) drwy Ewrop yn y 19g, a addaswyd gan gyn-gymnastwyr milwrol ar gyfer y system addysg yn India Brydeinig drefedigaethol, yn ffurf ddiofyn o ddril torfol, a dylanwadodd hyn ar yr "ioga hatha modern".[6][7] Yn ôl yr ysgolhaig ioga Suzanne Newcombe, erbyn yr 20g roedd ioga modern yn gyfuniad o gymnasteg y Gorllewin ac asanas ioga Haṭha Indiaidd.[8] Mewn cyferbyniad, gwrthododd Mircea Eliade ioga fel arfer athletaidd, gan nodi “na ddylid drysu ioga â gymnasteg”.[7]
Iechyd
golyguMae ioga fel ymarfer corff wedi cael ei boblogeiddio yn y byd Gorllewinol gan honiadau am ei fanteision i iechyd pobl.[10] Adolygwyd rhai o'r honiadau hyn gan William J. Broad yn ei lyfr 2012 The Science of Yoga; dywed fod yr honiadau o hyn wedi cychwyn gan Hindŵiaid cenedlaetholgar.[11] Ymhlith yr esbonwyr cynnar roedd Kuvalayananda, a geisiodd ddangos yn wyddonol yn ei labordy pwrpasol yn 1924 yn Kaivalyadhama bod Sarvangasana (sefyll ar yr ysgwyddau) wedi hybu'r chwarennau endocrin, yn benodol (yr organau sy'n secretu hormonau). Ni chanfu unrhyw dystiolaeth i gefnogi honiad o'r fath, ar gyfer yr asana hwn nac unrhyw asana arall.[12]
Mae effaith ioga fel ymarfer corff ar iechyd corfforol a meddyliol wedi bod yn destun astudiaethau systematig (gwerthuso ymchwil sylfaenol), er bod adroddiad yn 2014 wedi canfod, er gwaethaf ei arfer cyffredin a'i fanteision iechyd posibl, ei fod yn parhau i fod yn ymchwil gwyddonol, academaidd yn hynod o brin.[13] Canfu adolygiad systematig o chwe astudiaeth fod Ioga Iyengar yn effeithiol o leiaf yn y tymor byr ar gyfer poen gwddf a phoen cefn isel.[14] Canfu adolygiad o chwe astudiaeth fanteision ar gyfer iselder ysbryd, ond nododd fod dulliau'r astudiaethau yn gosod cyfyngiadau,[15] tra bod canllaw ymarfer clinigol gan Gymdeithas Canser America yn nodi y gallai ioga leihau pryder a straen mewn pobl â chanser.[16] Galwodd adolygiad systematig yn 2015 am fwy o drylwyredd mewn treialon clinigol o effaith ioga ar hwyliau pobl ac wrth fesur straen.[17]
Gwyliau a hyfforddiant
golyguMae gwyliau ioga (gwyliau) yn cael eu cynnig o[18] gwmpas y byd, gan gynnwys yng Nghroatia, Lloegr, Ffrainc, Gwlad Groeg, Gwlad yr Iâ, Indonesia, India, yr Eidal, Montenegro, Moroco, Portiwgal, Rwmania, Sbaen, Sri Lanka, Gwlad Thai, a Thwrci;[18][19][20] yn 2018, roedd prisiau llawer o'r rhain hyd at £1,295 (tua $1,500) am 6 diwrnod.[18]
Gall hyfforddiant athrawon (yn 2017), gostio rhwng $2,000 a $5,000,[21] gan gymryd hyd at 3 blynedd i gael tystysgrif addysgu.[22] Roedd cyrsiau hyfforddi ioga, o 2017, yn dal heb eu rheoleiddio yn y DU[23].[22]
Hawlfraint
golyguYn y 2000-2020au daeth Ioga Bikram yn frand byd-eang,[24] a threuliodd ei sylfaenydd, Bikram Choudhury, tua deng mlynedd o 2002 yn ceisio sefydlu hawlfraint ar y dilyniant o 26 asana a ddefnyddir yn Ioga Bikram, gyda rhywfaint o lwyddiant cychwynnol. Fodd bynnag, yn 2012, dyfarnodd llys ffederal America na ellid hawlfreintio symudiadau o'r math hwn.[25] Yn 2015, ar ôl camau cyfreithiol pellach, dyfarnodd llys apeliadau America nad oedd y dilyniant ioga a'r ymarferion anadlu yn gymwys.[26]
Llyfryddiaeth
golygu- Alter, Joseph (2004). Yoga in Modern India : the body between science and philosophy. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11874-1. OCLC 53483558.
- Broad, William J. (2012). The Science of Yoga: The Risks and the Rewards. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4516-4142-4.
- Bühnemann, Gudrun (2007). Eighty-Four Asanas in Yoga: A Survey of Traditions. New Delhi: DK. ISBN 978-8124604175.
- Bukh, Niels (2010) [1924]. Primary Gymnastics. Tufts Press. ISBN 978-1-4465-2735-1.
- Caycedo, Alfonso (1966). India of Yogis. National Publishing House, University of Michigan.
- Cushman, Anne (2009). Enlightenment for Idiots. Random House. ISBN 978-0-307-38165-1.
- ——— (2014). Moving into Meditation. Shambhala. ISBN 978-1-61180-098-2.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
- De Michelis, Elizabeth (2004). A History of Modern Yoga : Patañjali and Western Esotericism. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8. OCLC 51942410.
- Devi, Indra (1953). Forever Young, Forever Healthy:Simplified Yoga for Modern Living. Prentice-Hall. OCLC 652377847.
- Gates, Janice (2006). Yogini: Women Visionaries of the Yoga World. Mandala. ISBN 978-1-932771-88-6.
- Goldberg, Elliott (2016). The Path of Modern Yoga : the history of an embodied spiritual practice. Inner Traditions. ISBN 978-1-62055-567-5. OCLC 926062252.
- Gowing, Elizabeth (2019). Unlikely Positions (in Unlikely Places): a Yoga Journey Around Britain. England: Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 978-1-78477-640-4. OCLC 1061309216.
- Hemingway, Mariel (2004) [2002]. Finding My Balance: A Memoir with Yoga. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-6432-7.
- Iyengar, B. K. S. (1979) [1966]. Light on Yoga: Yoga Dipika. Unwin Paperbacks. ISBN 978-1-85538-166-7.
- ——— (1983). Light on Pranayama: Pranayama Dipika. Unwin Paperbacks.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
- ——— (2006). Light on Life: The Yoga Journey to Wholeness, Inner Peace, and Ultimate Freedom. ISBN 978-1-59486-524-4.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
- Jain, Andrea (2015). Selling Yoga : from Counterculture to Pop culture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-939024-3. OCLC 878953765.
- Kevles, Daniel (1995). In the name of eugenics : genetics and the uses of human heredity. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-44557-4. OCLC 32430452.
- Lidell, Lucy; The Sivananda Yoga Centre (1983). The Book of Yoga: the complete step-by-step guide. Ebury. ISBN 978-0-85223-297-2. OCLC 12457963.
- Mallinson, James (2011). Knut A. Jacobsen; et al. (gol.). Haṭha Yoga in the Brill Encyclopedia of Hinduism. 3. Brill Publishers. tt. 770–781. ISBN 978-90-04-27128-9.
- ——— Singleton, Mark (2017). Roots of Yoga. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-241-25304-5. OCLC 928480104. Unknown parameter
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ignored (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - Mehta, Silva; Mehta, Mira; Mehta, Shyam (1990). Yoga: The Iyengar Way. Dorling-Kindersley. ISBN 978-0-86318-420-8.
- Mittra, Dharma (2003). Asanas: 608 Yoga Poses. ISBN 978-1-57731-402-8.
- Mohan, A. G. (2010). Krishnamacharya: His Life and Teachings. Shambhala Publications. t. 11. ISBN 978-1-59030-800-4.
- Newcombe, Suzanne (2007). "Stretching for Health and Well-Being: Yoga and Women in Britain, 1960–1980". Asian Medicine 3 (1): 37–63. doi:10.1163/157342107X207209. http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/15734218.
- ——— (2009). "The Development of Modern Yoga: A Survey of the Field". Religion Compass 3 (6): 986–1002. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00171.x.
- ——— (2014). Singleton, Mark; Goldberg, Ellen (gol.). The institutionalization of the yoga tradition: gurus B. K. S. Iyengar and Yogini Sunita in Britain (PDF). Gurus of Modern Yoga. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-993872-8.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
- ——— (2017). "The Revival of Yoga in Contemporary India" (PDF). In Barton, John (gol.). Oxford Research Encyclopedias: Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.253. ISBN 978-0-19-934037-8.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
- Pratinidhi, Bhawanrao Shrinivasrao Pant (1938) [1929]. Morgan, Louise (gol.). The Ten-Point Way to Health = Surya Namaskars. London: J. M. Dent. OCLC 156801198.
- Rhodes, Darren (2016). Yoga Resource Practice Manual. Tirtha Studios. ISBN 978-0-9836883-9-6.
- Saraswati, Swami Satyananda (1996). Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha (PDF). Yoga Publications Trust. ISBN 978-81-86336-14-4.
- Scaravelli, Vanda (1991). Awakening the Spine. Harper. ISBN 978-0-06-242853-0. OCLC 907678659.
- Schneider, Carrie (2003). American Yoga: The Paths and Practices of America's Greatest Yoga Masters. Barnes & Noble. tt. 60–65. ISBN 0-7607-4558-7.
- Shearer, Alistair (2020). The Story of Yoga : from Ancient India to the Modern West. C. Hurst & Co. ISBN 978-1-78738-192-6. OCLC 1089012347.
- Singleton, Mark (2010). Yoga Body : the origins of modern posture practice. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-539534-1. OCLC 318191988.
- ——— (2013). Beatrix Hauser (gol.). Transnational Exchange and the Genesis of Modern Postural Yoga. Yoga Traveling: Bodily Practice in Transcultural Perspective. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-00315-3.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
- Sjoman, Norman E. (1999) [1996]. The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace (arg. 2nd). Abhinav Publications. ISBN 81-7017-389-2.
- Srinivasa, Narinder (2002). Gharote, M. L.; Devnath, Parimal; Jha, Vijay Kant (gol.). Haṭharatnāvalī (a treatise on Haṭhayoga) of Śrīnivāsayogī (arg. 1st). The Lonavla Yoga Institute. ISBN 81-901176-96.
- Strauss, Sarah (2005). Positioning Yoga: balancing acts across cultures. Berg. ISBN 978-1-85973-739-2. OCLC 290552174.
- Swanson, Ann (2019). Science of yoga : understand the anatomy and physiology to perfect your practice. New York, New York: DK. ISBN 978-1-4654-7935-8. OCLC 1030608283.
- Syman, Stefanie (2010). The Subtle Body : the Story of Yoga in America. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-53284-0. OCLC 456171421.
- Tiruka (1977). Suryanamaskara (yn Kannada). Malladhihalli: Sarvodaya Mudranalaya, Anathasevashrama Trust. t. v. OCLC 20519100.
- Van Gennep, Arnold (1965) [1908]. The Rites of Passage. Routledge & Kegan Paul. OCLC 752944237.
- Veenhof, Douglas (2011). White Lama: The Life of Tantric Yogi Theos Bernard, Tibet's Emissary to the New World. Harmony Books. ISBN 978-0-385-51432-3.
- Vishnudevananda, Swami (1988) [1960]. The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga. Three Rivers Press. ISBN 0-517-88431-3.
- Yogendra (1928). Yoga Asanas Simplified. The Yoga Institute. OCLC 58817499.
Gweler hefyd
golyguCyfeiriadau
golygu- ↑ De Michelis 2004, tt. 1-2.
- ↑ Singleton 2013.
- ↑ White, David Gordon (2011). Yoga in Practice. Princeton University Press. t. 3. ISBN 978-0-691-14086-5.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Mallinson 2011.
- ↑ Jain, Andrea (July 2016). "The Early History of Modern Yoga". Oxford Research Encyclopedias. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.163. Cyrchwyd 23 Chwefror 2019.
- ↑ Singleton, Mark (4 Chwefror 2011). "The Ancient & Modern Roots of Yoga". Yoga Journal.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Singleton 2010.
- ↑ Newcombe 2017.
- ↑ "Is yoga really about exercise?". BBC Magazine Monitor. 1 Hydref 2014. Cyrchwyd 5 Ionawr 2019.
- ↑ "Yoga Health Benefits: Flexibility, Strength, Posture, and More". WEBMD. Cyrchwyd 22 Mehefin 2015.
- ↑ Broad 2012.
- ↑ Goldberg 2016.
- ↑ Ding, Ding; Stamatakis, Emmanuel (2014). "Yoga practice in England 1997–2008: prevalence, temporal trends, and correlates of participation". BMC Research Notes 7 (1): 172. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-7-172. ISSN 1756-0500. PMC 3987846. PMID 24661723. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3987846.
- ↑ Crow, Edith Meszaros; Jeannot, Emilien; Trewhela, Alison (2015). "Effectiveness of Iyengar yoga in treating spinal (back and neck) pain: A systematic review". International Journal of Yoga 8 (1): 3–14. doi:10.4103/0973-6131.146046. PMC 4278133. PMID 25558128. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4278133.
- ↑ Louie, Lila (2014). "The Effectiveness of Yoga for Depression: A Critical Literature Review". Issues in Mental Health Nursing 35 (4): 265–276. doi:10.3109/01612840.2013.874062. PMID 24702211.
- ↑ Greenlee, Heather; DuPont-Reyes, Melissa J.; Balneaves, Lynda G.; Carlson, Linda E.; Cohen, Misha R.; Deng, Gary; Johnson, Jillian A.; Mumber, Matthew et al. (2017-04-24). "Clinical practice guidelines on the evidence-based use of integrative therapies during and after breast cancer treatment". CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 67 (3): 194–232. doi:10.3322/caac.21397. ISSN 0007-9235. PMC 5892208. PMID 28436999. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5892208.
- ↑ Pascoe, Michaela C.; Bauer, Isabelle E. (1 Medi 2015). "A systematic review of randomised control trials on the effects of yoga on stress measures and mood". Journal of Psychiatric Research 68: 270–282. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.07.013. PMID 26228429.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Dunford, Jane (7 Hydref 2018). "Perfect positions: 20 best yoga holidays worldwide". The Observer. The Guardian.
- ↑ Hampson, Laura (27 December 2018). "The best winter wellness retreats in the UK for a new year getaway".
- ↑ Sylger Jones, Caroline (21 Mehefin 2018). "10 of the world's most scenic yoga retreats". The Daily Telegraph.
- ↑ Delaney, Brigid (17 Medi 2017). "The yoga industry is booming – but does it make you a better person?". The Guardian.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Lisinski, Anna (22 Mehefin 2015). "The truth behind becoming a yoga teacher". The Daily Telegraph.
- ↑ "Yoga regulation - what you need to know". Keep Yoga Free. 2017. Archifwyd o'r gwreiddiol ar 2020-01-21. Cyrchwyd 6 April 2020.
- ↑ Godwin, Richard (18 Chwefror 2017). "'He said he could do what he wanted': the scandal that rocked Bikram yoga". The Guardian.
- ↑ Moss, Rebecca (19 December 2012). "Hold that Pose: Federal Judge Rules that Bikram Yoga Cannot be Copyrighted". Archifwyd o'r gwreiddiol ar 2016-06-22. Cyrchwyd 29 December 2018.
- ↑ Sullivan, Shawn (13 Hydref 2015). "Yoga Sequence not Protected by Copyright, says 9th Circuit". Sullivan Law. Cyrchwyd 29 December 2018.
Dolenni allanol
golygu- Gwefan Modern Yoga Research, a reolir gan yr ysgolheigion Elizabeth De Michelis, Suzanne Newcombe, a Mark Singleton
- Beth sydd y tu ôl i'r pum ystum yoga poblogaidd y mae'r byd yn eu caru? – rhaglen a thudalen we gan y BBC o Ddifrif... gan Mukti Jain Campion