Pobol y Cwm
Un o gyfresi teledu mwyaf poblogaidd Cymru yw Pobol y Cwm. Dyma'r opera sebon mwyaf hirhoedlog a gynhyrchir gan y BBC. Crewyd y gyfres gan y dramodydd Gwenlyn Parry a'r cynhyrchydd John Hefin.[1] Ar wahân i rygbi, dyma'r rhaglen mwyaf poblogaidd ar S4C.[2]
| Pobol y Cwm | |
|---|---|
| |
| Genre | Opera sebon |
| Serennu | Cast |
| Gwlad/gwladwriaeth | Y Deyrnas Unedig |
| Iaith/ieithoedd | Cymraeg |
| Cynhyrchiad | |
| Amser rhedeg | 20 munud |
| Darllediad | |
| Sianel wreiddiol | BBC Cymru (1974-1982) S4C (1982-) |
| Rhediad cyntaf yn | 16 Hydref 1974 |
| Dolenni allanol | |
| Gwefan swyddogol | |
| Proffil IMDb | |
Fe ddechreuodd y gyfres ar 16 Hydref 1974;[3] felly dim ond Coronation Street ac Emmerdale sydd wedi parhau yn hirach na Pobol y Cwm ar y teledu ym Mhrydain. Yn y dyddiau cynnar fe'i ddarlledwyd y diwrnod canlynol am 12:25 ar rwydwaith BBC 1.[4] Wedi i S4C gael ei sefydlu, trosglwyddodd y gyfres i'r sianel honno a bellach gyda pum pennod yr wythnos trwy gydol y flwyddyn. Cafodd hynny ei leihau i dri pennod yr wythnos wedi pandemig COVID.[5]
Mae S4C yn dangos Pobol y Cwm fel arfer o nos Lun i nos Wener am 19:30 neu 20:00, heblaw yn ystod Eisteddfodau neu lle darlledir chwaraeon. Maent yn ail-ddarlledu 'Omnibws' o holl benodau'r wythnos gydag isdeitlau yn Saesneg ar y sgrin ar nos Sul am 17:30.
Mae'r rhaglen wedi bod yn feithrinfa i nifer o actorion a aeth ymlaen i adnabyddiaeth rhyngwladol, yn cynnwys Ioan Gruffudd a Iwan Rheon. Mae nifer o enwogion o actorion gwadd wedi ymddangos yn y gyfres hefyd, yn cynnwys Rhys Meirion, Ray Gravell, Michael Aspel, Giant Haystacks ac El Bandito, Dave Brailsford, Russell Grant, Michael Sheen a Ruth Jones.[6]
Yn Hydref 2024, dathlwyd 50 mlynedd o'r gyfres gyda nifer o rhaglenni arbennig i nodi'r achlysur. Yn ogystal agorwyd y set i'r cyhoedd gyda theithiau ar gael o gwmpas y stiwdios a'r brif stryd.[7]
Cyfres PyC
golyguYn Ebrill 2013 cynhyrchwyd cyfres aml-blatfform PyC a oedd yn seiliedig a rai o gymeriadau ifanc Pobol y Cwm. Bwriad y prosiect oedd apelio at oedolion ifanc a chwilio am ffyrdd newydd o ddweud stori. Roedd y gyfres ar gael ar wefan S4C gyda phennod yn cael ei ryddhau am 9pm dros gyfnod o wythnos.[8]
Lleoliad
golyguWedi'i lleoli ym mhentref dychmygol Cwmderi yng Nghwm Gwendraeth, Sir Gaerfyrddin, mae'r gyfres opera sebon hon yn canolbwyntio ar fywyd, gwaith, cariad a materion teuluol. Ar y dechrau, pentref tawel iawn oedd Cwmderi er gwaethaf perthnasau personol anodd. Tueddai'r straeon ganolbwyntio o gwmpas cartref y henoed Bryn Awelon a'r dafarn leol, Y Deri Arms.
Mae'r dafarn yn dal i fod yn ganolfan pwysig yn yr opera sebon, yn ogystal â siopau a chartrefi'r sawl sy'n byw yng Nghwmderi. Yn ddiweddar, mae'r straeon wedi newid i ganolbwyntio ar faterion mwy dadleuol fel llofruddiaeth, trais, cyffuriau, a dyfodol cymunedau gwledig. Un o themâu rheolaidd y gyfres ers 1974 yw dyfodol yr iaith Gymraeg. Rhai o'r straeon a gydiodd fwyaf yn nychymyg y gwylwyr dros y blynyddoedd diweddar oedd marwolaeth y cymeriad Reg Harries, cymeriad selog yn y gyfres ers yr ail bennod, a'r damwain gar pan gollodd Anita'r babi yr oedd hi'n ei gario.
Ffilmio
golyguDdiwedd y 90au, codwyd set barhaol i'r gyfres y tu ôl i faes parcio BBC Cymru yn Llandaf, Caerdydd, gan hwyluso'r ffilmio a rhoi cartref parhaol i'r rhaglen. Yn 2012 symudodd y cynhyrchiad i stiwdios newydd pwrpasol 'Porth y Rath' ym Mae Caerdydd lle ail-grewyd stryd fawr Cwmderi a setiau mewnol. Rhennir y stiwdios gyda chynhyrchiadau drama arall y BBC gan gynnwys Doctor Who a Casualty a mae'n bosib i'r rhaglen wneud defnydd achlysurol o'r setiau arall.
Saethir y rhan fwyaf o olygfeydd awyr agored Pobol y Cwm yn ardal pentref Llanbedr-y-fro, i'r gorllewin o Gaerdydd.
Aelodau cast cyfredol
golygu| Cymeriad | Actor | Hyd |
|---|---|---|
| Megan Harries | Lisabeth Miles | 1974–1995, 1996, 2002, 2003, 2011– |
| David 'Dai Sgaffalde' Ashurst | Emyr Wyn | 1978–1984, 2001– |
| Ieuan Griffiths | Iestyn Jones | 1988–1992, 1995–1997, 2000–2011, 2019– |
| Eileen Probert (née Walters) | Sera Cracroft | 1989–1996, 1998, 2007– |
| Lisa Morgan | Beth Robert | 1990–1991, 1996–2000, 2019– |
| Hywel Llywelyn | Andrew Teilo | 1990– |
| Cassie Morris (née Nicholas) | Sue Roderick | 1991–2003, 2018– |
| Kathleen 'Kath' Pearl Jones | Siw Hughes | 1993–2007, 2014, 2017– |
| Mark Jones | Arwyn Davies | 1993– |
| Iori Davies | Hugh Thomas | 1993, 1995, 1997–1999, 2002, 2018– |
| Sioned Charles (née Rees) | Emily Tucker | 1993–1996, 2007– |
| Rhys Llywelyn | Jack Quick | 1997–2001, 2008–2012, 2014–2015, 2018– |
| Diane Ashurst (née Francis) | Victoria Plucknett | 1998– |
| Jason Francis | Rhys ap Hywel | 1998–2007, 2015– |
| Sara Francis (née Thomas) | Helen Rosser Davies | 1998, 2000–2007, 2015– |
| Anita Pierce | Nia Caron | 1999– |
| Mai 'Em' Morris | Mirain Evans | 2000–2004, 2020– |
| Britt White (née Monk) | Donna Edwards | 2002– |
| Garry Monk | Richard Lynch | 2002– |
| Iolo Davies-White (né White) | Dyfan Rees | 2002–2005, 2007, 2009– |
| Siôn White | Jeremi Cockram | 2002– |
| Gwyneth Jones | Llinor ap Gwynedd | 2003– |
| Kelly Charles (née Evans) | Lauren Phillips | 2003–2007, 2015– |
| Ffion Llywelyn (née Roberts) | Bethan Ellis Owen | 2004– |
| Aaron Dafydd Monk | Osian Morgan | 2006– |
| Dani Monk (née Thomas) | Elin Harries | 2007– |
| Eifion Rowlands | Arwel Davies | 2007– |
| Colin Evans | Jonathan Nefydd | 2008– |
| Gaynor Llywelyn | Sharon Roberts | 2008– |
| Esyllt ‘Izzy’ Evans | Caryl Morgan | 2008–2010, 2012, 2019– |
| Gwern Harley Jones | Elis Lloyd Hughes | 2010– |
| Arwen Hedd | Evie Rose Jenkins | 2012– |
| Richard 'DJ' Ashurst Junior | Carwyn Glyn | 2014– |
| Esther Llywelyn | Eira Adoh | 2016– |
| Matthew Price | Mark Stuart Roberts | 2016– |
| Tyler Davies-White (né Davies) | Aled Llyr Thomas | 2016– |
| Ifan Francis | Ioan Arnold | 2017– |
| Greta Davies-White | Bella Marie Dennis | 2017– |
| Seren Monk | Maggie Edith Taylor | 2017– |
| Huwi-John Probert | Frazer McCann | 2018– |
| Jaclyn Parri (née Ellis) | Mali Harries | 2018– |
| Gerwyn Parri | Aled Pugh | 2018– |
| Tesni Parri | Lois Meleri-Jones | 2018– |
| Guto Parri | Owain Huw | 2018– |
| Brenda Parri | Sharon Morgan | 2018– |
| Dylan Ellis | Gareth Jewell | 2019– |
| Llio Jones | Miriam Isaac | 2020– |
Cyn aelodau cast ac aelodau achlysurol
golygu| Cymeriad | Actor | Cyfnodau'r cymeriad |
|---|---|---|
| Dic "Deryn" Ashurst | Ifan Huw Dafydd[9] | 1982–1992, 1995, 1999 |
| Mansel Bennett | Brinley Jenkins | 1991, 1993 |
| Doreen Bevan | Marion Fenner | 1982–1996, 1999–2001 |
| Stan Bevan | Phylip Hughes | 1984–1994 |
| Sylvia Bevan | Sharon Morgan | 1984–1987 |
| John Wyndham-Bowen | Dafydd Aeron | 1985–1988 |
| Tristan Bowen | Griff Williams | 1990–1991 |
| Cyrnol Buckley | Meredith Edwards | 1978 |
| Sharon Burgess | Sian Naiomi | 1993–1996 |
| Nerys Cadwaladr | Gaynor Morgan Rees | 1974–1976, 1979–1980, 1982–1986, 1988–1991 |
| Ed Charles | Geraint Todd | 2011–2019 |
| Gemma Charles | Catrin-Mai Huw | 2011–2016 |
| Debbie Collins | Maria Pride | 2005–2006, 2008–2020 |
| Dolores "Dol" Collins | Lynn Hunter | 2015–2017, 2019 |
| Liam Collins | Sion Ifan Williams | 2005–2008, 2014, 2016–2017, 2019 |
| Vicky Collins | Carli De'La Hughes | 2005–2006, 2015–2018, 2019 |
| Ken Coslett | Phyl Harries | 1988–1991 |
| Linda Coslett | Delyth Wyn | 1988–1991 |
| Metron Coslett | Anwen Williams | 1980–1982 |
| Ellen Cullen | Nia Medi | 1990, 1993–1994 |
| Jack Daniels | Dafydd Hywel | 1976–1984, 1999, 2004 |
| Robert Daniels | Gruffudd Ifan | 1983–1984, 2002, 2007 |
| Angie Davies | Catherine Ayres | 1999–2000 |
| Bella Davies | Rachel Thomas | 1974–1992 |
| Bethan Davies | Catrin Brooks | 1999–2002 |
| Jacob Ellis | Dillwyn Owen | 1974–1993 |
| Meira Ellis | Sara McGaughey | 1988–1994 |
| Lois Evans | Mirain Jones | 2008–2013, 2014 |
| Menna Evans | Sara Harries-Davies | 1995, 1996, 2001 |
| Eleri Evans | Hazel Wyn Williams | 1989–1991 |
| Yvonne Evans | Tonya Smith | 2009–2012 |
| Nuala Flynn | Bethan Jones | 1980, 1982 |
| Pat Flynn | Iestyn Garlick | 1980 |
| Sean Flynn | Glyn Williams (Pensarn) | 1980–1981 |
| Emma Francis | Catrin Arwel | 1998–2005 |
| Hannah Francis | Abi Smith / Megan Huws / Ella Peel | 2000–2006, 2008, 2017–2018 |
| Terry Francis | Huw Emlyn | 1991, 1993, 1994, 1997, 2000 |
| Chris Frost | Llew Davies | 2005–2007 |
| Nansi Furlong | Marged Esli | 1977, 1980–1989, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016 |
| Gwyneth Gregory | Nicola Beddoe | 1988 |
| Beti Griffiths | Margaret Williams | 1981–1986 |
| Cathryn Griffiths | Mari Emlyn | 1981–1982 |
| Colin Griffiths | David Lyn | 1975–1976, 1981–1982 |
| Annest Griffiths | Dilys Price | 1975–1976 |
| Hazel Griffiths | Jennifer Lewis | 1996, 1999–2002, 2007 |
| Iolo Griffiths | Terry Dyddgen-Jones | 1975–1976 |
| Melanie Griffiths | Elin Jones | 2000 |
| Carol Gwyther | Rhian Morgan | 1984–1992 |
| Herbert Gwyther | Alwyn Jones | 1977–1987 |
| Sandra Gwyther | Sian Meredydd | 1982–1984 |
| Beti Harries | Buddyg Williams | 1974–1975 |
| Cadi Harries (née Morris) | Betsan Jones | 1974–1976 |
| Dillwyn Harries | Haydn Edwards | 1974–1991 |
| Gareth Harries | Jonathan Morgan / Ioan Gruffudd / Rhodri Wyn Miles | 1975–1993, 1995, 1996–1997, 2000, 2002, 2003 |
| Reg Harries | Huw Ceredig | 1974–2003 |
| Rhian Harries | Rhian Samuel / Catherine Jones / Debbie Jones | 1979–1995, 1997–2004, 2007 |
| Sabrina Harries | Gillian Elisa[10] | 1974–1984, 1987, 1988, 1999–2010 |
| Wayne Harries | Dewi 'Pws' Morris | 1974–1987 |
| Jordan Hill | Robert Marrable | 1999–2000 |
| Paul Hill | Ali Yassine | 1999–2000 |
| Darren Howarth | Huw Euron | 1999–2007, 2013–2014, 2015, 2018 |
| Julie Hughes | Grug Maria / Ruth Lloyd | 2002–2007, 2015, 2016, 2018 |
| Luned Hughes | Rhianna Loren | 2019 |
| Rhiannon Hughes | Heledd Owen | 2002–2003, 2007 |
| Sheryl Hughes | Lisa Victoria | 2001–2018 |
| Huw Humphries | Dyfan Roberts | 1998–1999 |
| Steffan Humphries | Huw Garmon | 1997–2004 |
| Cliff James | Clive Roberts | 1974–1979 |
| Glyn James | Ieuan Rhys | 1983–1996 |
| Gwenllian James | Megan Soffia Evans | 1989–1993, 1994 |
| Delme Jenkins | Geraint Eckley / Gwyn Vaughan | 1993, 1994, 1996, 2001, 2002 |
| Dora Jenkins | Olive Michael | 1984–1996 |
| Gareth Jenkins | Iwan Tudor | 1999–2000 |
| Huw "Jinx" Jenkins | Mark Flanagan | 2005–2015 |
| Lowri Jenkins | Meleri Bryn | 1996, 1999–2002 |
| Rita Jenkins | Olwen Medi | 1976, 1985–1993 |
| Tal Jenkins | Ernest Evans | 1975–1996 |
| Derek Jones | Hywel Emrys | 1988–2006, 2009, 2012 |
| Dyfan "Dyff" Jones | Dewi Rhys | 1993–2000 |
| Ricky Jones | Evan Rhys Coxley / Tomos West | 2005–2019 |
| Sian Jones | Sharon Morgan | 1978 |
| Stacey Jones | Shelley Rees | 1993–2007, 2014, 2016, 2017 |
| Gladys Lake | Iona Banks | 1976–1989, 1991 |
| Idwal Lake | Stan Hughes | 1986, 1989 |
| Jinnie Lake | Catrin Dafydd | 1986 |
| Jane Leonard | Nia Caron | 1990 |
| Colin Lewis | Dyfed Thomas | 1989–1990 |
| Eddie Lewis | Meic Povey | 1991–1994, 1996 |
| Gwyn Lewis | Emyr Bell | 2003–2007 |
| Hywel Lewis | Glyn Nicholas | 1977 |
| Laura Lewis | Beryl Williams | 1977 |
| Scott Lewis | Alex Harries | 2009–2011, 2012 |
| Beth Leyshon | Eirlys Britton | 1977–1993, 1994 |
| Clare Leyshon | Margaret John | 1977–1978 |
| Gwyn Leyshon | Gareth Bebb | 1977–1978 |
| Viv Leyshon | Geraint David | 1977–1978 |
| Cilla Lloyd | Karen Elli | 1997–1998, 2000–2001 |
| Jon Markham | Steffan Rhodri | 1995–1996, 1998 |
| Bleddyn Matthews | Dewi Rhys Williams | 1996, 1997, 2000–2004 |
| Llew Matthews | Rhys Parry Jones | 1988–1989, 1992–2001 |
| Nia Matthews | Meleri Evans | 1993, 1996–1999 |
| Charles McGurk | Mei Jones | 1997 |
| Jean McGurk | Iola Gregory | 1987–1997, 1999, 2002 |
| Kirstie McGurk | Catherine Treganna | 1988–1990, 1993, 1997 |
| Sean McGurk | Gwyn Derfel | 1991–1993 |
| Fiona Metcalfe | Lydia Lloyd Parry | 1992–1999 |
| Jamie Metcalfe | Rhys Bleddyn | 1994 |
| Laura Metcalfe | Christine Pritchard | 1994, 1999 |
| Oliver Metcalfe | Geoffrey Morgan | 1994 |
| Bethan "Non" Mererid | Gwawr Loader | 2017–2018 |
| Brandon Monk | Nic McGaughey | 2002–2011 |
| Chester Monk | James Wilbraham | 2002–2018, 2019 |
| Catrin Monk | Emily John | 2003–2019 |
| Gill Morgan | Mair Rowlands | 1996–1998 |
| Lisa Morgan | Beth Robert | 1990–1991, 1996–2000, 2019 |
| Owen Morgan | Ioan Evans | 2004–2006 |
| Tony Morgan | Danny Grehan | 1994–1996 |
| Morgan Morgans | Rhys Devlin | 1978–1979 |
| Alun Morris | Dorien Thomas | 1983–1984 |
| Glan Morris | Cadfan Roberts | 1989–1996 |
| Teg Morris | Yoland Williams | 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994–2004 |
| Beryl Nicholas | Iris Jones | 1997–2004 |
| Alison Owen | Manon Prysor | 2000–2002 |
| Elin Owen | Alexandra Roach | 2001–2002 |
| Olwen Owen | Nesta Harris | 1977, 1978, 1981, 1984, 1986–1989 |
| Rob Owen | Rolant Prys | 2000–2002 |
| Harri Parri | Charles Williams | 1974–1989 |
| Alex Parry | Ian Saynor | 1994, 1997 |
| Karen Parry | Rhian Jones | 1992–2001, 2002, 2003 |
| Olwen Parry | Toni Carrol | 1989, 1992–1995, 1997, 2000 |
| Wiliam Parry | Aled Bidder | 2014–2016 |
| Rod Phillips | Geraint Owen | 1991–1995, 1996, 1998, 1999 |
| Meic Pierce | Gareth Lewis | 1975–1994, 1999–2015 |
| John Powell | Dennis Birch | 1987–1989 |
| Kevin Powell | Iwan "Iwcs" Roberts | 1988, 2007–2014, 2015, 2016, 2018 |
| Meinir Powell | Ruth Lloyd | 1997–1998 |
| Alan Price | Meredudd Jones | 2000 |
| Rachel Price | Judith Humphreys | 1995–1998 |
| Tom Price | Eric Wyn | 1996 |
| Arwel Pritchard | Gwyn Parry | 1989, 1996 |
| Elgan Pritchard | Bryn Fôn | 2017–2018 |
| Nellie Pritchard | Beti Jones | 1980 |
| Angela Probert | Tara Bethan | 2011–2016, 2018–2019 |
| Courtney Probert | Katie Duffin | 2011–2016 |
| Jim Probert | Alun ap Brinley | 2011–2020 |
| Barry Probert | Aled Rhydian Lloyd / Geraint Morgan | 1982–1993 |
| Kevin Probert | Wyn Bowen Harries | 1982–1986 |
| Gwyn Prosser | Eryl Huw Phillips | 1989–1991 |
| Ted Prosser | Stewart Jones | 1990–1991 |
| Gareth Protheroe | Edward Thomas | 1986–1990 |
| Denzil Rees | Gwyn Elfyn | 1984–2012 |
| Marian Rees | Buddyg Williams | 2001–2016 |
| Ann Rhys | Nia Ceidiog | 1983–1984 |
| Cadno Richards | Catrin Powell | 2006–2018 |
| Dwayne Richards | Darryl Shute / Paul Morgans | 2000, 2004–2005, 2008–2009 |
| Norman Roberts | Glyn Pritchard | 1991–1992, 2011–2012 |
| Val Roberts | Morfudd Hughes | 2007–2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2019 |
| Nesta Roberts | Catrin Mara | 2006–2010 |
| Dewi Roderick | William Thomas | 1974–1977, 1980–1984 |
| Cai Rossiter | Rhys ap William | 1996, 2002–2010 |
| Rhydian Samuel | Aneirin Hughes | 1991–1993 |
| Ivor Seymore | Elwyn Williams | 1983–1988 |
| Josh Smith | John Ogwen | 2017, 2018, 2019 |
| Agnes Spotelli | Sian Owen | 1978–1982 |
| Ron Steadman | Wayne Cater | 1996–1997, 2006 |
| Geraint Stephens | Phil Reid | 1997–2002 |
| Edgar Sutton | Gari Williams | 1979–1985 |
| Gethin Thomas | Simon Watts | 2010–2018 |
| David Tushingham | Islwyn Morris | 1974–1996, 1999–2002 |
| Maggie Tushingham | Harriet Lewis[11] | 1974–1996 |
| Billy Unsworth | John Biggins[12] | 1990, 1996 |
| Marlene Unsworth | Ella Hood | 1990 |
| Ron Unsworth | Bernard Latham | 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1999, 2001 |
| Gina Walters | Catrin Fychan | 1991–1998 |
| Maureen Walters | Rebecca Harries | 1996–1999, 2012 |
| Neville Walters | Aled Rhys Jones | 1986–1988 |
| Clem Watkins | Glan Davies | 1988–1997 |
| David White | Ian Staples | 2003 |
| Gwen White | Betsan Llwyd[13] | 2002–2003 |
| Huw White | Rhys Hartley | 2002–2013, 2014 |
| Macs White | Iwan Rheon / Rhys Bidder | 2002–2004, 2008–2013, 2017 |
| Brian Wilcox | Ioan Hefin | 1996–1997 |
| Delyth Wilcox | Nia Samuel | 1996–1997 |
Cyfeiriadau
golygu- ↑ Pobol y Cwm (1974-). BFI Online. Adalwyd ar 17 Mawrth 2017.
- ↑ S4C niferoedd gwylio
- ↑ Davies, John; Jenkins, Nigel; Menna, Baines; Lynch, Peredur I., gol. (2008). Gwyddoniadur Cymru. Caerdydd: Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru. t. 688. ISBN 978-0-7083-1953-6.
- ↑ Genome - Rhestr rhaglenni y Radio Times
- ↑ "Dim ond tair pennod o Pobol y Cwm yr wythnos fydd yna yn lle pedair o fis Tachwedd ymlaen". Golwg360. 2021-09-18. Cyrchwyd 2024-10-15.
- ↑ Michael Sheen ac enwogion eraill Pobol y Cwm , BBC Cymru Fyw, 3 Mehefin 2019. Cyrchwyd ar 4 Mehefin 2019.
- ↑ Sian (2024-09-09). "Teithiau arbennig Pobol y Cwm i ddathlu 50 mlynedd". Croeso Caerdydd (yn Saesneg). Cyrchwyd 2024-10-15.
- ↑ Cyfres aml-blatfform gan gynhyrchwyr Pobol y Cwm , BBC Cymru Fyw, 25 Mawrth 2013. Cyrchwyd ar 5 Medi 2017.
- ↑ Wightwick, Abbie (17 October 2009). "Pobol Y Cwm celebrates 35th birthday". Wales Online. Media Wales Ltd.
- ↑ "Gillian Elisa Biography". Gillian Elisa.co.uk. Archifwyd o'r gwreiddiol ar 2015-01-14. Cyrchwyd 2020-05-29.
- ↑ "Harriet Lewis". British Film Institute.
- ↑ "John Biggins". John Biggins.com. Aerta.
- ↑ "Tears of grief in the valley". BBC Press Office. BBC. 5 September 2003.